[31] Kung-tu: Mencius's disciple.
[32] Yu and Li: kings singled out in the Confucian tradition for their arrogance and recklessness. Wen and Wu: ancient kings who were singled out by Confucius as eminent examples of virtuous rulers. In Mencius's time, philosophers commonly appealed to well-known ancient kings, good and bad, to support their arguments about statecraft.
[33] Yao: an ancient emperor frequently cited by Confucius as the model of a righteous king. Shun: Yao's handpicked, equally righteous
[34] Yi Ya: an ancient chef revered for his culinary 6. Ox Mountain: a mountain on the Pearl River talents; according to legend, he once cooked his Delta, near present-day Hong Kong. Mencius own son for his master's table. argues that, though it was in the nature of the
[35] Maestro K'uang: the most revered musician mountain to have trees and lush vegetation, the in Chinese history. Mencius makes the point human and animal population of the large state
that if everyone likes the cooking of Yi Ya and made it appear barren. The larger point is that everyone likes the music of K'uang, then certain even people's failure to act benevolently does preferences in human nature are not subject to not mean that they lack a natural disposition individual taste. toward benevolence.
[37] The Way: Chinese philosophers from every school speak about "the Way," or the Tao, though each school uses the term in a different sense. For Taoists, "the Way" means "the natural order
[38] Gentleman: the category representing the 3. Tseng Tzu, Min Tzu-ch'ien: followers of
ideal human being in the Confucian system Confucius who were considered especially right-
of thought. The gentleman possesses rectitude, eous. Not much is known about Hsiao-i.
benevolence, integrity, honor, and a proper 4. Ch'i and Lu: areas where Confucianism was
respect for the ancestors and the rites. The oppo- very influential. Ch'in's government was offi-
site of a gentleman is a "petty man." The terms cially anti-Confucian (see p. 84).
do not have any class-based connotations. Yao 5. Yu: the virtuous king and founder of the
and Shun: mythical ancient kings advanced by ancient Hsia Dynasty. "The man in the street
Confucians as ideals of righteous rulers. Tyrant can become a Yu" refers to the assertion, found
Chieh or Robber Chih: according to tradition, in section 22 of the Mencius, that "all men may
Chieh was an evil ruler who brought down the be Yaos and Shuns" (see note 2). great Hsia Dynasty. Robber Chih led a band of nine thousand criminals; legend has it that Confucius once tried in vain to reform him.
[42] By secret machination, or by confederacy: Hobbes states that nobody is safe in a state of nature, since even the weakest people can kill the strongest, either by laying secret plans or by forming alliances with others.
[43] Diffidence: reservation. Hobbes means that people in a natural state can never trust or be genuinely close to other people because their interests might conflict and turn them into enemies.
[44] Hobbes expands the common definition of "war" to include situations in which people do
[45] Peradventure: perhaps.
[46] The concord whereof dependeth on natural lust: Hobbes relies on largely inaccurate portrayals of American Indians and other tribal
[46] Catalepsy: a condition characterized by a lack of awareness of one's surroundings.
[46] Escutcheon: coat of arms, here used to mean reputation.
[47] The "received doctrine" of nativism, the belief that all people share certain ideas and values simply because they are all human, goes back to the philosophy of Plato; in Locke's day it was most associated with the philosophy of Rene Descartes (1596—1650). Some version of nativism is common in most of the world's major religious traditions.
[48] Foregoing Book: An Essay Concerning
Human Understanding is divided into four books.
[50] Nineteenth-century dualism: early anthropological theories that the rights of the individual fundamentally conflict with the needs of society.
[51] Laissez faire: a French term meaning "let things alone." The economic doctrine of laissez- faire, often associated with the philosopher Adam Smith, holds that government should not
interfere with the running of the economy, but
[53] Sumner's Folkways: William Graham construct certain absolute values and beliefs, Sumner (1840—1910) was an American soci- which are woven into the patterns of everyday ologist and Yale University professor. His 1907 life so that children internalize them from a very book, Folkways, describes the way that cultures young age.
[54] Menage: household.
[55] Carl Rogers: American psychologist (1902—1987) who was influential in developing the counseling strategy of asking open-ended questions and encouraging patients to reflect on their own answers.
[56] Alan Turing: British mathematician and cryptologist (1912—1954) who was an influential, early pioneer in computer science.
[57] Cri de coeur: a cry from the heart.
[58] Marshall McLuhan: Influential Canadian 5. Psalms 115: 4—8 (King James Version of the
philosopher and communication theorist (1911— Bible)
1980).
[60] Lewis Mumford: American historian and philosopher (1895—1990) whose influential book Technics and Civilization (1934) discusses the ways that clocks and other inventions shaped the way that people thought about themselves.
[61] Erechtheus: The Erectheum, or "House of Erechtheus," was a prominent temple on the north side of the Acropolis, the famous hilltop in Athens where Athena's temple was located.
[62] Ares: In Greek mythology, the god of war.
[63] Lacedaemonians: inhabitants of Laconia, a city-state on the southern coast of Greece.
[63] Virtue: arete. This traditionally involved here to introduce the topic of friendship among doing good to one's friends and harm to one's cities. [Translator's note] enemies; that is why Pericles uses the concept
[64] These men for whom I speak: the war dead being honored at the funeral.
[65] Polus: a student of Gorgias and a minor char- 2. Here: Hera, in Greek mythology the wife of
[66] Gymnastic: the general science of exercise and physical education.
[67] Zeuxis: a well-known painter from the Greek city of Ephesus.
[68] The historical Gorgias probably would not have conceded this point so easily, as he is said to have taught that nothing is ultimately knowable.
[69] Pericles: the leader of Athens ( 495-429 bce)
during much of its golden age and a major proponent of the Peloponnesian War. Themistocles: the Athenian leader (circa 524-circa 460 bce) who masterminded the naval victory over the
[71] Master of fence: fencing master. Pugilist or
pancratiast: Pugilists were the ancient equivalent of boxers; pancratiasts practiced pankration, a Greek martial art featured in the early Olympic games.
[72] Palestra: a public training ground for wrestling and other athletic events.