[73] Gorgias's defense of rhetoric here repeats the defense that the Athenian orator Isocrates
[74] Dialectic: discussion, specifically philosophical discussion that aims to uncover truth rather than persuade. Aristotle's use of the term differs somewhat from Hegel's (see p. 678).
[75] Current treatises on rhetoric: the works
of Sophists such as Gorgias, Isocrates, and
Protagoras.
[78] Saint Thomas: Thomas Aquinas (1225—1274), Italian theologian, friar, and author of Summa Theologica (p. 483); Albertus Magnus: German philosopher, scholar, and Dominican friar (1193—1280) who was Thomas Aquinas's teacher.
[79] Queen of Sciences: theology.
[80] Motus: motions
[81] Spillikins: also called "jackstraws" or "pickup sticks," a game in which children use a straw or a stick to pick up another one from a pile without moving any of the others in that pile.
[82] Ring of Solomon: according to legend, a
signet ring owned by Solomon that gave him
[84] Debbora, Queen of S[he]ba, Abigail, Esther, Rehab, [H]anna: women in the Old Testament who are presented as wise, knowledgeable, or powerful.
[84] Aspasia, Hypatia, Leontium, Jucia, Corinna, Cornelia: women from Greek and Roman antiquity who exercised power using their wisdom and judgment.
[85] Emma, Madame Bovary, The Qolden Bowclass="underline"
novels by Jane Austen (1775—1817), Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), and Henry James
(1843-1916), respectively.
[88] Pope: Alexander Pope (1688-1744) was an 6. P. A. Christensen: English professor (1888- English poet. 1968) at Brigham Young University from 1927
[89] Whateley's Elements of Rhetoric: influential to 1965. nineteenth-century textbook by British scholar
and rhetorician Richard Whateley (1787-1863). Aristotle's Rhetoric: see p. 177.
[91] Ronald Crane: English professor (1886-1967) at the University of Chicago and founder of the "Chicago School" of literary criticism.
[92] Edmund Burke: Anglo-Irish writer, philoso- minister of the United Kingdom during most of pher, and politician (1729-1797). See p. 256. World War II.
[93] Churchilclass="underline" Winston Churchill British politician and statesman (1874-1965) who was prime
[94] Irena Klepfisz, "Di rayze aheym/The Journey Home," in The Tribe of Dina: A Jewish Women's Anthology, Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz and Irena Klepfisz, eds. (Montpelier, VT: Sinister Wisdom Books, 1986), 49.
[95] R. C. Ortega, Dialectologia del Barrio, trans. Hortencia S. Alwan (Los Angeles, CA: R. C. Ortega Publisher & Bookseller, 1977), 132.
[96] Eduardo Hernandez-Chavez, Andrew D.
Cohen, and Anthony F. Beltramo, El Lenguaje de
[98] Irena Klepfisz, "Secular Jewish Identity: Yidishkayt in America," in The Tribe of Dina, Kay/Kantrowitz and Klepfisz, eds., 43.
[99] Melanie Kaye / Kantrowitz, "Sign," in We Speak
in Code: Poems and Other Writings (Pittsburgh, PA: Motheroot Publications, Inc., 1980), 85.
[101] Kaufman, Gershen. Shame: The Power of Caring (Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Books, Inc., 1980), 68.
[102] Chavez, 88-90.
[103] "Hispanic" is derived from Hispanis (Espana,
a name given to the Iberian Peninsula in ancient times when it was a part of the Roman Empire)
[105] Anglos, in order to alleviate their guilt for dispossessing the Chicano, stressed the Spanish part of us and perpetrated the myth of the Spanish Southwest. We have accepted the
[106] Smitheryed: connected, as if in a blacksmith's forge.
[107] Tower of Babeclass="underline" In Genesis 11:1-9, the a multitude of languages, so that they cannot
people of earth build a huge tower in the city understand each other.
of Babylon to try to reach God. As a punish- 4. "The world . . . they did here: from Lincoln's
ment, God separates their single language into Gettysburg Address.
[109] "spaghetti" map: a chart showing the geographical connections between different parts of a process.
[110] Khaled Saeed: a young Egyptian man who was killed while in police custody in June 2010.
[111] Millet and meat: Meals composed solely of millet, a cereal grain, and meat would have been considered extremely luxurious by most Chinese
in Mo Tzu's time.
[113] Nine districts: according to legend, the nine 5. "Wu kuan": an ancient Chinese text known
provinces of China in the distant past, which Mo to Mo Tzu but now lost. Tzu would have considered "ancient."
[115] This problem is in doubt to the learned:
There was a vigorous debate among ancient philosophers between two different theories of human visual perception: Some, such as Euclid and Ptolemy, believed that rays of light came from the eyes and illuminated objects by intersecting with them; others, such as Galen and Aristotle, held that objects emitted particles of some kind that were received by the eyes.
[116] Lydian and Thrygian modes: The Lydian
and Thrygian (also called Phrygian) were two of the seven standard Greek musical "modes," or note progressions used as the basis for musical composition. Greek theory held that each of the modes invoked different moods and emotions, some of which were more desirable in certain
[118] Pythagoras of Samos: an ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician (circa 570— circa 495 bce) best known for his geometrical theorem that the square of the hypotenuse of a triangle is equal to the sum of the square of the other two sides.
[119] Spondaic melody: a melody based on consistent, equally stressed sounds that was generally considered one of the most somber musical forms.
[120] Terpander of Antissa: a seventh-century bce poet and musician and reputed founder of
Greek music; Arion of Methymna was a poet of the same period credited with inventing the
[122] Chronicles of Japan: The Nihon Shoki, or Chronicles of Japan, gives a history of Japan from the mythical past through the eighth century. It was completed in 720, nearly three hundred years before The Tale of Genji.
[123] Upaya: a Sanskrit word meaning "pedagogy," but usually translated as "expedient means."
[124] Scriptures of the Greater Vehicle: "Greater Vehicle" is a literal translation of Mahayara, one of the two branches of Buddhism. Mahayana
[125] "Whose neck is clothed with thunder . . . the created horses and gave them their attributes.
sound of the trumpet": Burke is paraphrasing, The importance for Burke is that the horse is
not directly quoting, Job 39: 19—25, a passage in described as something wild, and therefore sub-
which God challenges Job by asking him if he lime, instead of as a domestic beast.
[126] Genesis: the first book of both the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. Genesis contains the stories of Adam and Eve, Noah's Ark, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph.
[127] Kirghiz: a central Asian people who live mainly in China and the Kyrgyz Republic. The Kirghiz were absorbed into the Russian Empire in 1876, about 20 years before Tolstoy wrote What Is Art?
[128] Sakya Muni: another name for the Buddha.