bishop of Chartres (1115 or 1120—1180). His fame by providing generous relief efforts after the
Polycraticus, or The Statesman's Book was an city of Pompeii was destroyed by the eruption of
important work of medieval political theory. Mount Vesuvius in 79 ce.
[177] Rectitude: righteousness. Reason, Rectitude, and Justice are the three "goddess" figures at the heart of The Book of the City of Ladies.
[178] Tuscan: from Tuscany, the region in central Italy that includes Florence. Liberaclass="underline" The term here means generous, rather than politically progressive.
[179] Present King of Spain: King Ferdinand II (1452-1516), who united the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon through his marriage to Isabella and defeated the last Islamic stronghold
[179] Cesare Borgia: the son of Rodrigo Borgia (1431—1503), who became Pope Alexander VI in 1492. Alexander was an intensely political pope, bent on increasing the power of the papacy and the extent of papal lands, and Cesare Borgia (1475 or 1476-1507) led a sustained attempt,
[180] Hannibaclass="underline" legendary Carthaginian general (247-circa 183 bce), who defeated the Romans in 218 bce by leading an army of nearly forty thousand men across the Alps—a feat that no one believed possible—and catching the Romans completely off guard.
[181] Scipio: the name of a Roman family that
included two generals, father and son, who fought
[183] "A Bill establishing a provision for Teachers
of the Christian Religion": the title of Patrick Henry's bill to subsidize religious organizations with a special tax.
[185] Governour of the Universe: God. 6. Late Revolution: the American Revolution.
[186] Cognizance: recognition.
[187] Metes and bounds: standard eighteenth-
century surveying term to denote boundary lines.
[189] "Equal title to the free exercise of Reli
gion according to the dictates of Conscience":
a direct quotation, along with "all men are by nature free and independent" from the Virginia Declaration of Rights adopted in June of 1776 and used as a model for the Declaration of Independence in July of 1776.
[192] Old world: Europe, especially France and 13. American Theatre: the American colonies.
Great Britain. 14. Compleat: complete.
[194] Eighth century prophets: a group of Hebrew Leadership Conference, these prophets were
prophets—including Isaiah, Amos, Hosea, often seen as "outside agitators" by the people
Jonah, and Elijah—who preached against they preached to. idolatry. Like King and the Southern Christian
[195] Macedonian call for aid: Paul was an early
Christian missionary who established Christian congregations in many of the major cities of the Roman Empire, such as Corinth, Galatia, Philippi, Thessalonica, and Rome itself. Much of the latter part of the New Testament consists of Paul's letters to these various congregations. Macedonia was a region of the Roman Empire north of Greece, in which several of these congregations were located. The Macedonian call refers to a vision that Paul had, which is described
[197] Mr. Connor: Theophilus Eugene "Bull" Connor (1897—1973), a police commissioner in Birmingham, was noted for using vicious methods—including fire hoses and police dogs— to suppress civil rights demonstrations. Images of
[198] Mr. Boutwelclass="underline" Albert Boutwell (1904-1978) defeated Bull Connor in the 1963 race for mayor of Birmingham.
[199] Reinhold Niebuhr: American Protes
tant theologian (1892-1971) and professor at New York's Union Theological Seminary.
[201] Saint Augustine: early Christian writer 9. Saint Thomas Aquinas: Italian theologian
(354-430 ce) and bishop of the North African (1224 or 1225-1274) whose Summa Theologica
town of Hippo (in present-day Algeria). (1265-74) is a classic of Christian thought.
(See p. 184). (See p. 483).
[203] Martin Buber: Israeli (Austrian-born) 11. Paul Tillich: American (German-born)
Jewish philosopher (1878-1965) and theologian Protestant theologian (1886-1965). who wrote the well-known ethical treatise I and Thou in 1923.
[205] Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego: In the 13. White Citizen's Counciler: After the
third chapter of the Book of Daniel, these three Supreme Court ordered the desegregation of
young Hebrew men are condemned to die by fire public schools in 1954, groups known as White
because they refuse to worship a golden image. Citizen's Councils rose in the South to support
God saves them from harm, and they end up continued segregation. Unlike the Ku Klux
being promoted to high positions in the Baby- Klan, the Councils were not secretive or openly
lonian empire. King invokes them to provide a violent; however, many committed segregation-
biblical example of civil disobedience. ists were members of both organizations.
[206] Elijah Muhammad's Muslim movement: movement after making a pilgrimage to Mecca
Elijah Muhammad (1897-1975) led the Nation and fully converting to Islam; the latter process of Islam, a group that preached black suprem- required him to renounce the belief that any one acy and advocated the creation of a separate race was superior to any other. African-American nation within the United 15. Zeitgeist: German word meaning "spirit of States. Muhammad's most famous disciple was the time." Malcolm X (1925-1965), who broke with the
[208] Bunyan: English preacher (1628-1688), author of Pilgrim's Progress. Luther: German reformer (1483-1546) who launched the Protestant Reformation by protesting policies of the Catholic Church.
[209] Rev. Stallings: The Reverend Earl Stallings (1916-2006), pastor of the First Baptist Church in Birmingham, was one of the eight clergymen who had signed the letter that King was responding to.
[210] Governor Barnett: Ross Barnett (18981987) was the governor of Mississippi in 1962, when the Supreme Court ordered that James Meredith (b. 1933), an African American, be admitted to the University of Mississippi. Barnett attempted to nullify the order, swearing that he would go to jail before he would allow a Mississippi school to be integrated.
[211] Governor Wallace: George Wallace (1919—
1998) was elected governor of Alabama in 1962. In his inaugural address, Wallace declared
[213] Ecclesia: Latin form of ekklesia, the Greek in interstate public facilities, integrated groups root of English words such as "ecclesiastical." In of student volunteers rode together on buses the early days of the Church, ekklesia was used throughout the South. The "Freedom Rides" to refer to a Christian community. Later, it came were organized by the Congress on Racial to mean the collective body of the Church or of Equality (CORE) and the Student Nonviolent all Christian believers. Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
[214] Rides for freedom: In 1961, a year after the Supreme Court outlawed racial segregation
[215] Burma: The Union of Burma was established in 1948, having previously been part of British India. In 1989, the ruling military junta declared that the country would be known as the Union of Myanmar, with the designated short form Myanmar. This change has been adopted by the United Nations and by some other international
[216] Pabulum: food, or a diet. Because of histori- 3. Sangha: a collective word for the ordained