c) The attribute phrase may have the same subject as the main phrase. In this case the pronoun kel (..na) is used:
- Me (I) vidi (to see) boy (boy) { kel janmog (to know how) gani (to sing) gro-hao (greatly)}. Me vidi boy kel janmog gani gro-hao. – I see the boy who can sing beautifully.
- Boy (boy) kel janmog (to know how) gani (to sing) gro-hao (greatly) na es (is / are) hir (here). Boy kel janmog gani gro-hao na es hir. - The boy who can sing beatifully is here.
3.3. predicative:
a) with the particle ke:
- May (my) opina (opinion) es (is) { ke ("that") yu (you) es (is / are) verem (truly) jamile (beautiful) }. May opina es ke yu es verem jamile. – My opinion is that you are really beautiful. Word[edit] 1. Noun[edit]
Examples: jen (human), arda (earth), flor (flower), animal (animal).
1.1 Number
a) The basic form of a noun doesn't convey the number:
- jen – a human / many humans
- un (one) jen – a human
- dwa (two) jen – two humans
- mucho (many) jen – many humans
- jenes – humans
b) plural form (the stressed vowel doesn't change):
if the word ends with a voweclass="underline" + s: un kitaba (a book) – kitabas, un tabla (a table) – tablas
if the word ends with a consnant: + es: un flor (a flower) – flores, un animal (an animal) – animales
1.2. Case:
a) There are no special case forms.
b) The change of the word order is indicated by the particle den:
- Den sey (this) flor (flower) me (I) pri (to like). Den sey flor me pri. – I like this flower.
- den dom (house) sobre (above) den dom sobre – above the house
c) Nominative marker is da (used only when necessary):
- Mata (mother) samaji (to understand) me (I) sam (same) hao (good, well) kom (as) da yu (you). Mata (mother) samaji (to understand) me (I) sam (same) hao (good, well) kom (as) da yu (you). – Mother understands me as well as you do.
- Mata (mother) samaji (to understand) me (I) sam (same) hao (good, well) kom (as) den yu (you). – Mother understands me as well as you.
1.3. Gender:
a) Nouns don't belong to any gender: amiga – friend (male or female)
b) One can specify the sex of a human by:
particles man- and gin-
- leker (doctor) – man-leker (male-doctor) – gin-leker (female doctor)
- kota (cat) – man-kota (male-cat) – gin-kota (female-cat)
changing "a" with -o and -ina:
- amiga (friend) – amigo (male friend) – amigina (female friend)
c) Some nouns imply the sex of the human:
- man (man) – gina (woman)
- boy (boy) – gela (girl)
- patra (father) – mata (mother)
- son (son) – docha (daughter)
- opa (grandfather) – oma (grandmother)
- brata (brother) – sista (sister)
- onkla (uncle) – tia (aunt)
1.4. Apposition may be marked with to (from "to es" – that is):
- Me (I) to kitabnik (book lover) lekti (to read) mucho (much). Me to kitabnik lekti mucho. – I, being a book lover, read a lot.
- Molya (wife) gro-lubi (to adore) suy (her) mursha (husband) to soldata (soldier). Molya gro-lubi (to adore) suy (her) mursha (husband) to soldata (soldier). – The wife adores her husband who is a soldier.
1.5. There is no article (numeral "un" (one) and demonstrative pronouns like "sey" (this) are used instead, when necessary).
2. Pronouns that function like nouns[edit]
2.1. Personaclass="underline"
a) me (I), nu (we), yu (you), ta (he / she), li (they)
- Nu (we) vidi (to see) li (they). Nu vidi li. – We see them.
- Me (I) dumi (to think) om (about) yu (you). Me dumi om yu. – I'm thinking about you.
b) lu (he), ela (she), it (it), yu oli (you all), oni (one), ambi (both)
- Oni (one) shwo (to say) ke ("that")... Oni shwo ke... – One says that...
- Es (is) kitaba (book). Me (I) pren (to take) it (it). Es kitaba. Me pren it. – This is a book. I take it.
- Me (I) hev (to have) dwa (two) kota (cat). Ambi (both) es (is / are) swate (black). Me hev dwa kota. Ambi es swate. – I have two cats. They both are black.
2.2. Reflexive: swa (oneself), mutu (one another)
- Me (I) woshi (to wash) swa (oneself). Me woshi swa. – I wash myself.
- Ela (she) lubi (to love) swa (oneself). Ela lubi swa. – She loves herself.
- Nu (we) lubi (to love) mutu (one another). Nu lubi mutu. – We love one another.
2.3. Compound:
a) koywan (somebody), koysa (something)
b) eniwan (anybody), enisa (anything)
c) kadawan (everybody), oli (all, everybody), olo (all, everything)
d) nulwan (nobody), nixa (nothing)
2.4. Demonstrative: se (this), to (that)
- Se (this) es (is) auto (car), e (and) to (that) es (is) avion (airplane). Se es auto, e to es avion. – This is a car, and that is an airplane.
2.5. Relative:
a) ke ("that" – object)
- Es (is) kitaba (book) ke ("that") yu (you) he ("past tense") lekti (to read). Es kitaba ke yu he lekti. – This is the book that you have read.
b) kel ("who / which" – subject, or with a preposition)
- Es (is) boy (boy) kel (who) janmog (to know how) gani (to sing) muy (very) hao (good, well). Es boy kel janmog gani muy hao. – This is the boy who can sing very well.
2.6. sama (the same thing)
- Hao (good) Nove (new) Yar (year)! – Sama (the same thing) a yu (to you)! Hao Nove Yar! – Sama a yu! – Happy New Year! – The same (thing) to you!
3. Adjective[edit]
Examples: hao (good), jamile (beautiful), blu (blue).
3.1. Comparison:
a) pyu... kem (more... than), meno... kem (less... than)
- May (my) syao (little) kamila (camomille) es (is / are) pyu (more) jamile (beautiful) kem (than) yur (your) gran (big) rosa (rose). May syao kamila es pyu jamile kem yur gran rosa. – My little camomille is more beautiful than your rose..
b) sam .. kom (as... as),
c) zuy (the most), minim (the least)
- Luy (his) auto (car) es (is) zuy (the most) kway (fast). Luy auto es zuy kway. – His car is the fastest.
d) kem... tem (the... the...)
- kem pyu (more) kway (fast), tem pyu (more) hao (good, well) - kem pyu kway, tem pyu hao – the faster, the better
3.2. Intensification:
a) muy (very)