b) -la / -las: Walaa (here is) dwa (two) rosa (rose). Sey-la (this one) es (is) rude (red), toy-la (that one) es (is) blan (white). – Here are two roses. This one is red and that one is white.
c) wan (only about people): Syao (little) wan bu (not) lai (to come). – The little one isn't coming.
3. Adjective to adverb: -(e)m (the stressed vowel doesn't change) or the same form
a) for adjectives ending in -e: klare (clear) – klarem (clearly)
b) for adjectives ending in a consonant: santush (satisfied, contented) — santushem (contentedly)
c) for other adjectives the form doesn't change: hao (good, well), kway (quick, quickly)
4. Noun to adverb: -nem: amiga (friend) – amiga-nem (friendly)
5. Noun to verb:
a) -vati: pao (a bubble) – paovati (to bubble)
b) -isi: memoria (memory) – memorisi (to memorize)
6. Adjective to verb
a) fa- (= -ifi): hao (good) – fa-hao (to improve, grow better), leve (light) – levifi (to lighten, become lighter)
b) mah- (= -isi): gran (big) – mah-gran (to increase, make bigger), klin (clean) – klinisi (to clean, cleanse)
c) -fai: hwan (yellow) – hwanfai (appear/show yellow)
7. Verb to noun
7.1. Without special changes in meaning
a) -a (for the verbs ending with "consonant + i"), -sa (for other verbs) (the act, the result): lubi (to love) – luba (love), gun (to work) – gunsa (work)
b) -ing (the process) (the stressed vowel doesn't change): swimi (to swim) – swiming (swimming), gloti (to swallow) – glota (a swallow) – gloting (swallowing)
c) tu: Tu samaji (to understand) es (is / are) tu pardoni (to forgive). – To understand means to forgive.
7.2. Doer
a) -er (doer or tool): leki (to treat medically) – leker (doctor), ofni (to open) – ofner (opener)
b) -sha (a person performing the action): plei (to play) – plei-sha (the one who is playing)
c) -nik (a person having a characteristic feature): fobi (to be afraid of) – fobnik (coward)
7.3. Related to the action
a) -tura (the final result): shwo (to say, to talk) – shwotura (a saying)
b) -wat (the object of action): pi (to drink) – piwat (beverage)
c) -ka (an object related to the action): pendi (to hang) – pendika (peg, rack)
8. Verb to adjective
8.1. General meaning
a) -ke (related to): helpi (to help) – helpike (auxiliary), hao-chi-ke (good, well + to eat) fan (food) – tasty food
b) -she, -ney (participles): skribi (to write) – skribi-she (writing), skribi (to write) – skribi-ney (written)
8.2. With special meaning
a) -bile (possibility): vidi (to see) – vidibile (visible)
b) -shil (tending to): kusi (to bite) – kusishil (tending to bite)
c) -val (worth doing): admiri (to admire) – admirival (admirable)
9. Verb to adverb
a) -shem (the short form for the verbs ending with i: sembli-shem = semblem): ahfi (to hide) – ahfi-shem (secretly)
b) -nem: ofensi (to offend) – ofensi-nem (like being offended)
Particles and affixes that don't change the class of word[edit] 1. Common[edit]
(can be used with words of different classes)
1.1. Opposition: no-: pinchan (ordinary) – nopinchan (extraordinary)
1.2. Diminutive and magnifying:
a) -ki (diminutive, doesn't change the quality): doga (dog) – doga-ki (a little dog, doggy); somni (to sleep) – somni-ki (to take a nap)
b) gro- (magnifying, without change in meaning): okos (eyes) – gro-okos (big eyes), gao (high, tall) – gro-gao (very high), danke (thank you) – gro-danke (thank you very much), pluvi (to rain) – gro-pluvi (to rain heavily)
1.3. pre- (precedence): vidi (to see) – previdi (to foresee), nam (name) – prenam (first name), yeri (yesterday) – preyeri (the day before yesterday)
1.4. Negative attitude
a) dus- ("bad, ill"): fauha (smell) – dusfauha (stink), trati (to treat) – dustrati (to mistreat)
b) shma- (disdain): kaval (horse) – shma-kaval (jade), skribi (to write) – shma-skribi (to scribble)
1.5. Similarity: -si: kitaba-si (sort of a book)
2. Noun[edit]
2.1. Diminutive and magnifying:
a) -kin (diminutive, with some change of quality): barela (barrel) – barelakin (keg)
b) -gron (magnifying, with some change of meaning): denta (tooth) – dentagron (tusk)
2.2. Other:
a) -inka (particle): snega (snow) – sneginka (snowflake)
b) -tot (a whole, a total): rishta (a relative) – rishtatot (all relatives, a clan)
c) yun- (a young): kota (cat) – yunkota (kitten)
d) pra- (ancestor): opa (grandfather) – praopa (great-grandfather), lingwa (language) – pralingwa (parent language)
e) -ista (relating to a doctrine or a profession): denta (tooth) – dentista (dentist)
f) -nik (bearer of some characteristic feature): kitaba (book) – kitabnik (book lover)
g) -dan (a container): nayu (butter) – nayudan (butterdish)
h) fuy- (disgust): jen (person) – fuy-jen (nasty person)
i) stif- (step-): - mata (mother) – stif-mata (stepmother)
j) -inloo (indirect kinship) (colloq.): brata (brother) – brata-inloo (cousin)
3. Adjective[edit]
3.1. bu- (negation, but not opposition): gran (big) – bugran (not big)
3.2. -ish ("to some degree"): blan (white) – blanish (whitish), hao (good) – haoish (passable)
4. Verb[edit]
4.1. Prefixes of aspect
a) en- (beginning): lubi (to love) – en-lubi (to fall in love)
b) ek- (one time or suddenly): krai (to cry) – ek-krai (to give a cry)
4.2. Opposite action: de(s)-: sharji (to charge) – desharji (to unload, to discharge)
4.3. Other prefixes
a) ras- (separation, division, or dispersion): dai (to give) – rasdai (to distribute, give to several people)