5.3. into: inu (komo): Bye (don't) stan (stand), go (go) inu dom (house). – Don’t stand, go into the house.
5.4. out of: aus (komo): Me (I) bu (not) mog (can) findi (to find) dao (way) aus shulin (forest). – I can't find the way out of the forest.
5.5. through: tra: Me (I) mog (can) vidi (to see) yu (you) tra winda (window). – I can see you through the window.
5.6. along: along: go (to go) along riva (river) – to go along the river
5.7. vertically: uupar (up (komo)), nich (down (komo)): go (to go) uupar kolina (hill) – to go up the hill
5.8. horizontally: avan (forward, ahead (komo)), bak (back (komo)): go (to go) bak kamina (road) – to go back along the road
5.9. impact: kontra (against): Me (I) apogi (lean) kontra mur (wall). – I lean against the wall.
5.10. past, by: pas: Oni (one, they) go (go) pas e (and) bu (not) merki (to notice) nixa (nothing). – They are going past and don't notice anything.
6. Prepositions of time[edit]
6.1. period: fo: me (I) pren (to take) it (it) fo tri (three) dey (day) – I take it for three days
6.2. duration: duran: duran gwer (war) – during the war
6.3. beginning: depos: Me (I) es (is / are / am) hir (here) depos klok (o'clock) sit (six). – I've been here since six o'clock.
6.4. limits: fon, til: Me (I) majbur (to have to) bi (to be) hir (here) fon sabah (morning) til aksham (evening). – I have to be here from morning till evening.
6.5. in, after: afte:
- Me (I) ve ("future tense") bi (to be) hir (here) afte (after) klok (o'clock) sit (six). - I'll be here after six o'clock.
- Me (I) lai (to come) afte dwa (two) minuta (minute). - I'll be back in two minutes.
6.6. by: bifoo
- Treba (to have to) zwo (to do) se (this) bifoo klok (o'clock) sem (seven). - You have to do (to have been done) that before seven o'clock.
- Bifoo chifan (to have meal) gai (should) woshi (to wash) handas (hands) e (and) afte chifan (to have meal) gai (should) shwo (say) "danke" (thank you). – Before meal one should wash the hands, and after the meal one should say "thank you".
7. Prepositions of number[edit]
7.1. approximate: sirke: sirke dwa (two) metra (meter) – about two meters
7.2. distribution per unit: per: dwa (two) dolar (dollars) per jen (man) – two dollars per head
7.3. distribution into portions: po: Olo (all, everything) es (is / are) po dwa (two) dolar (dollar). – Everything costs two dollars each piece.
8. Preposition of general meaning: pa[edit]
- pa fortuna (luck) – fortunately
- pa mur (wall) – at the wall
- shwo (to say, to talk) pa ruski (Russian) – to speak Russian
Conjunctions[edit]
1. Conjunctions unite: either words of the same class or whole clauses. 1.1. simple:[edit]
a) combination: e (and)
- me (I) e yu (you) – me and you
- Me (I) janmog (to know how) rasmi (to draw) e gani (to sing). – I can draw and sing.
b) contrasting: bat (but)
- Me (I) janmog (to know how) rasmi (to draw), bat me (I) bu (not) janmog (to know how) gani (to sing). – I can draw, but I can't sing.
c) alternative: o (oda) (or)
- Pren (to take) sey (this) kitaba (book) o toy-la (that one). – Take this book or that one.
1.2. doubled:[edit]
a) both...and: i .. i: Me (I) lubi (to love) i yu (you) i ela (she). – I love both you and her.
b) neither... nor: ni .. ni: Me (I) bu (not) yao (to want) vidi (to see) li (they), ni lu (he) ni ela (she). – I don't want to see them, neither him nor her.
c) either... or: oda .. oda: Nu (we) sal (to be going to) hev (to have) oda son (son) oda docha (daughter). – We are going to have either a son or a daughter.
d) nau .. nau: Ta (he / she) shwo (to say, to talk) nau lautem (loudly), nau kyetem (quietly). - He / She is talking now loudly, now quietly.
1.3. phrasaclass="underline" [edit]
a) condition: si: Me (I) lai (to come) si yu (you) yao (to want). – I will come if you want.
b) concession: obwol: Ta (he / she) bu (not) lai (to come) obwol me (I) he ("past tense") pregi (to ask for). – He/she didn't come, though I had asked (her to come).
c) purpose: dabe: Me (I) shwo (to say, to talk) dabe yu (you) samaji (to understand) me (I). – I speak so that you understand me.
d) cause: bikos (because), sikom (as, for)
- Me (I) lai (to come) bikos yu (you) pregi (to ask for). – I come because you asks (for it).
- Sikom yu (you) bu (not) pregi (to ask for), me (I) bu (not) ve ("future tense") lai (to come). – As you don't ask (for it), I won't come.
e) sudden circumstance: ewalaa
- Me (I) zai ("continuous marker") somni (to sleep) ewalaa baji (to ring) gro (much). – I'm sleeping, and suddenly it rings a lot.
f) opposition: yedoh
- Me (I) koni (to know, to be acquainted) yu (you) yedoh me (I) bu (not) koni (to know, to be acquainted) yur (your) sista (sister). – I know you, however I don't know your sister.
Numerals[edit]
1. Words denoting a number (with all such words the basic form of noun is used) 1.1. basic numerals[edit]
a) units
nol (0)
un (1), dwa (2), tri (3), char (4), pet (5), sit (6), sem (7), ot (8), nin (9), shi (10)
a) tens
dwashi (20), trishi (30), charshi (40) ... ninshi (90) (written as one word)
b) hundreds
sto (100), dwasto (200), tristo (300) ... ninsto (900) (written as one word)
c) thousand: mil (1000) (written in several words)
d) million: milion (1.000.000) (written in several words)
e) numbers
shi-un (11), shi-dwa (12), shi-tri (13) ... shi-nin (19)
dwashi-un (21), petshi-sem (57)
22 957 = dwashi-dwa mil ninsto-petshi-sem
1.2. Fractions: -fen
- un dwafen – 1/2
- sem shifen – 7/10; 0,7
- tri koma pet – 3,5
Deriven worda[edit]