31. Tilley, Studies in the French Renaissance, 85 f.
32. Nock, Rabelais, 105.
33. Brunetière, Manual of French Literature, 46n.
34. France, Rabelais, 216.
35. Smith, Reformation, 195n.
36. France, 124.
37. Sichel, Women, 239.
38. Sichel, Catherine de’ Medici, 245
39. La Tour, Origines, IV, 413.
40. Roeder, Catherine de’ Medici, 510.
41. Holzknecht, Backgrounds of Shakespeare, 270.
42. Camb. Hy of English Literature, III, 189.
43. Richard, German Civilization, 151.
44. Janssen, XIII, 467.
45. In Bainton, Reformation, 129.
46. En. Brit., IX, 675.
47. Putnam, Books, II, 243.
48. Janssen, XI, 317 f.
49. In Friedell, Cultural Hy of the Modern Age, I, 232.
50. Janssen, XII, 324 f
51. En. Brit., XXXIII, 1192.
52. In Trend, Civilization of Spain, 101.
53. Prescott, Ferdinand, II, 568n.
54. Ibid., 569n; Camb. Mod. Hy, V, 495.
55. Hefele, Ximenez, 101; Hume, The Spanish People, 348.
56. Allen, Political Thought, 119.
57. Diaz del Castillo, True Hy of the Conquest of Mexico, xi.
58. Mendoza, Lazarillo de Tormes, Introd., 3.
59. Ticknor, Spanish Literature, II, 512.
60. Mendoza, 71.
CHAPTER XXXVI
1. In Coulton, Art and the Reformation, 408.
2. Janssen, XI, 56.
3. Calvin, Institutes, I, xi, 12.
4. Michelet, III, 295.
5. Dimier, French Painting in the Sixteenth Century, 51.
6. Tavannes in Sichel, Catherine, 294.
7. Vasari, II, 355.
8. Ibid.
9. Blomfield, Hy of French Architecture, I, 81.
10. Lacroix, Arts of the Middle Ages, 151.
11. Ward, Architecture of the Renaissance in France, II, 125.
12. Sichel, Catherine, 394.
13. Réalitiés magazine, March, 1954, p. 27.
14. Conway, The Van Eycks, 494.
15. Glück, Pieter Brueghel le Vieux, 7.
16. Conway, 492.
17. Glück, Bruegheclass="underline" Details from His Pictures, 10-11.
18. Craven, Treasury of Art Masterpieces, 112.
19. Smith, Luther, 176.
20. Bond, Fr., Westminster Abbey, 131.
21. Bacon, Fr., Henry VII, in Works, VI, 245.
22. Blomfield, Renaissance Architecture in England, 8; Lees-Milne, Tudor Renaissance, 31.
23. Ibid.
24. 45.
25. Blomfield, 11.
26. Ganz, P., The Paintings of Hans Holbein, 218.
27. So Stange, German Painting, 28; but Ganz, 223, assigns it to 1528-30.
28. En. Brit., VIII, 679a.
29. Stange, 22.
30. Janssen, XI, 48.
31. Ibid.
32. Ganz, 284.
33. Woltmann, Holbein and His Time, 454.
34. Calvert, Cordova, 97.
35. Dieulafoy, Art in Spain and Portugal, 230.
36. Calvert, Sculpture in Spain, 125; but Stirling-Maxwell, Annals of the Artists of Spain, I, 126, questions the story.
37. Dieulafoy, 336.
CHAPTER XXXVII
1. Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 182.
2. Janssen, XII, 292.
3. Traill, III, 269.
4. Janssen, XII, 307.
5. Thorndike, Hy of Magic and Experimental Science, V, 231.
6. Coulton, Medieval Village, 268.
7. Janssen, XII, 372.
8. Bainton, Hunted Heretic, 112.
9. In Kesten, Copernicus, 96.
10. Lacroix, Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, 211; Thorndike, V, 175, 255-9.
11. Bainton, Hunted Heretic, 112.
12. Smith, Luther, 310.
13. Roeder, Catherine de, Medici, 368.
14. Lecky, Rationalism, II, 3.
15. Lacroix, Military and Religious Life, 444; Smith, Reformation, 656.
16. Friedell, I, 283.
17. Lea, Studies in Church Hy, 588.
18. Lea, Inquisition in Spain, IV, 220.
19. Lecky, Hy of European Morals, II, 54.
20. Traill, III, 326; Froude, Henry VIII, III, 191.
21. Lea, IV, 212-25.
22. Janssen, XII, 355.
23. Spence, Cornelius Agrippa, 84.
24. Ibid.
25. Thorndike, V, 136-7.
26. Spence, 79.
27. Owen, Evenings with the Skeptics, II, 495-6.
28. Kesten, 196; Thorndike, V, 178 f.
29. Cath. En., IV, 352.
30. Leonardo, Notebooks, I, 310, 298.
31. Gassendi in Kesten, 109.
32. Kesten, 132.
33. Ibid., 153.
34. Commentariolus, in Rosen. Three Coperincan Treatises, 58.
35. Trattner, Architects of Ideas, 28.
36. Luther, Table Talk, 69, in Fosdick, Great Voices of the Reformation, xviii
37. In Russell, B., Hy of Western Philosophy, 52%.
38. Kesten, 233.
39. Ibid., 382.
40. 309.
41. 295-6.
42. Rosen, 30.
43. Kesten, 297-8.
44. E.g., Kesten, 299; Trattner, 31,
45. Prefaces and Prologues, in Harvard Classics, XXXIX, 52 f.
46. Copernicus, De revolutionibus, i, 5.
47. Ibid., i, 10.
48. Josiah Royce in Fletcher, J. A., Dante, 236.
49. In White, Warfare of Science with Theology, I, 212.
50. In Agricola, De re metallica, 595.
51. Penrose, Travel and Discovery, 306.
52. R. I. Mantiri of Indonesia has argued unconvincingly that Magellan was not killed on Mactan, but chose to remain behind and to found a kingdom in the Celebes.
53. Castiglioni, Hy of Medicine, 421.
54. Sigerist, The Great Doctors, 125.
55. In Saunders & O’Malley, The Illustrations from the Works of Andreas Vesalius, 14.
56. Locy, Biology and Its Makers, 28.
57. Saunders, 14; italics mine.
58. Ibid., 15.
59. In Haydn, Counter-Renaissance, 198.
60. Vesalius, De humam corporis fabrica, 15, in Thorndike, V, 526.
61. Locy, 35.
62. Letter of Vesalius of June 13, 15;6, in Thorndike, V, 529.
63. Sarton, III-1, 267.
64. Saunders, 37.
65. Ibid., 39.
66. Walsh, Popes and Science, 117.
67. Speculum, April, 1928, p. 193.
68. Castiglioni, 466.
69. Janssen, XIV, 68.
70. Sigerist, 131.
71. Ibid., III. The usual interpretation of Paracelsus as meaning “Beyond Celsus” is stultified by the very minor rank of Celsus (1st cy A.D.) in the history of medicine.
72. Pachter, Magic into Science: the Story of Paracelsus, 92.
73. Ibid., 105-6.
74. Cf. passage in Robinson, D. S., Anthology of Modern Philosophy, 13-14.
75. Pachter, 67,112,116.
76. Thorndike, V, 628.
77. Opus Paramirum, in Pachter, 129.
78. Thorndike, V, 665.
79. In Pachter, 210.
80. Ibid., 211.
81. Ibid.
82. 147.
83. 152-3.
84. 163.
85. 158.
86. 155.
87. 168.
88. 187.
89. 167.
90. Inscription on engraving of Paracelsus in Vienna State Library.
91. Pachter, 108, 229.
92. Ibid., 4.
93. Commentary on Galatians, iii, 6, in Janssen, XIV, 121.
94. Robertson, Freethought I, 399
95. Ibid., 389.
96. Table Talk, 66,
97. La Tour, IV, 417.
98. Sichel, Women, 225,
99. In Hallam, Introd. to the Literature of Europe, II, 140.
100. Montaigne, Letter to M. de Mesmes in Sichel, Montaigne, 21.
101. In Rocker, R., Nationalism and Culture, 134.
102. In Taylor, Thought and Expression in the 16th Cy, I, 381.
103. Speculum, Oct. 1933, p. 431.
104. Owen J., Skeptics of the French Renaissance, 505.
105. Ibid., 539.
106. Graves, Peter Ramus, 108. Italics mine.
107. Owen, 529.
108. Ibid., 534-5; Michelet, III, 474; Graves, 106-7.
109. Ibid., 106.
110. Michelet, III, 474.
CHAPTER XXXVIII
1. Pastor, X, 310; XII, 494; Robertson, Freethought, I, 408.
2. Noyes, Ferrara, 203-19.
3. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 386.
4. Trend, Civilization of Spain, 123.
5. Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 651.
6. Pastor, XI, 3.
7. Ibid., X, 444.
8. Carpacciolus in Ranke, Hy of the Popes, I, 131.
9. Janelle, Catholic Reformation, 64.
10. Pastor, XI, 134.
11. Ibid., 155 f.
12. Ranke, Popes, I, 117.
13. In Pastor, XI, 164 f.
14. Ibid., 192.
15. McCabe, Crises in the History of the Papacy, 319.
16. Voltaire, Selected Works, ed. McCabe, IV, 216.
17. Fülöp-Miller, Saints That Moved the World, 333.
18. Ibid., 350.
19. 354.