, 8.1.
32
Ibid.
, 8.8.
33
Ibid.
, 8.6.
34
Petronius, 119.
35
Plutarch,
Pompey
, 57.
36
Cicero,
To Friends
, 8.14.
37
Ibid.
, 2.15.
38
Appian, 2.31.
10: World War
1
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 7.1.
2
Lucan, 1.581. A poetic touch, no doubt, but a haunting and apt one.
3
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 8.2.
4
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 8.11.
5
Plutarch,
Cicero
, 38.
6
Cicero,
In Defence of Marcellus
, 27.
7
Anon.,
The Spanish War
, 42.
8
Caesar,
The Civil War
, 3.8.
9
Plutarch,
Caesar
, 39.
10
Caesar,
The Civil War
, 3.82.
11
Suetonius,
The Deified Julius
, 30.
12
Plutarch,
Pompey
, 79.
13
Cicero,
To Friends
, 2.12.
14
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 2.5.
15
Plutarch,
Antony
, 27.
16
Suetonius,
The Deified Julius
, 51.
17
Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
, 72.
18
Suetonius,
The Deified Julius
, 37.
19
Cicero,
To Friends
, 9.15.
20
Ibid.
, 15.19.
21
Florus, 2.13.92.
22
Cicero,
Philippics
, 2.85.
23
Suetonius,
The Deified Julius
, 77.
24
Plutarch,
Brutus
, 12.
25
Velleius Paterculus, 2.57.
26
Plutarch,
Caesar
, 63.
27
Cassius Dio, 44.18.
28
Suetonius,
The Deified Julius
, 82.
29
Or so it was claimed by Seneca. See
On Anger
, 3.30.4.
30
Suetonius,
The Deified Julius
, 82.
11: The Death of the Republic
1
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 14.9.
2
Ibid.
, 14.21.
3
Cicero,
To Friends
, 4.6.
4
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 14.21.
5
Ibid.
, 14.12.
6
Ibid.
, 14.4.
7
Ibid.
, 16.7.3.
8
Cicero,
Philippics
, 2.1.
9
Ibid.
, 10.20.
10
Ibid.
, 13.24–5.
11
Cicero,
To Atticus
, 16.8.1.
12
Cicero,
Philippics
, 3.3.
13
Cicero,
To Friends
, 11.20.
14
Suetonius,
The Deified Augustus
, 26.
15
Appian, 3.92.
16
Pliny the Elder, 34.6.
17
Cicero,
Letters to Atticus
, 14.1.
18
Virgil,
Eclogues
, 4.4–9.
19
Plutarch,
Antony
, 26.
20
Suetonius,
The Deified Augustus
, 69.
21
The Achievements of the Divine Augustus
, 25.2.
22
Plutarch,
Antony
, 75.
23
The Achievements of the Divine Augustus
, 3.2.
24
Seneca,
On Mercy
, 1.2.2.
25
Cassius Dio, 53.16.
26
Ennius,
Annals
, fragment 155.
27
Horace,
Odes
, 4.5.1–2.
28
Ibid.
, 3.6.45–8.
29
Ibid.
, 3.24.36–7.
30
Velleius Paterculus, 2.89.
31
Virgil,
Georgics
, 1.145–6.
32
Virgil,
Aeneid
, 6.792–3.
33
Ibid.
, 8.669–70.
34
Horace,
Epodes
, 2.1–6.
35
Cicero,
Philippics
, 13.30.
36
Suetonius,
The Deified Augustus
, 99.
37
Ovid,
The Art of Loving
, 3.112–13.
38
Livy, 43.13.
39
Cicero,
The Republic
, 1.68.
Bibliography
Ancient …
Classical sources are often given the blanket label ‘primary’, when in reality they may be no such thing. Call Plutarch, who was born in the reign of the Emperor Claudius, a primary source for the fall of the Republic and one might as well call Carlyle a primary source for the life of Frederick the Great. Even so, documents from the period covered by this book have been preserved – and, by the standards of ancient history, a voluminous quantity of them. Most were written by Cicero: speeches, philosophical works and letters. A few works by his contemporaries have also survived: most notably the commentaries of Caesar, two monographs by Sallust, fragments of works by the great polymath Terrentius Varro, maxims culled from the dramas of a mime-writer, Publilius Syrus, and the work of two poets, Lucretius and Catullus. Lucretius’ poem On the Nature of Things provides a fascinating counterpoint to the letters of Cicero: the work of a man who consciously withdrew from the clamour and frenzy of public life. Catullus, who was almost certainly a lover of Clodia Metelli, and a friend of Caelius – though see Wiseman’s Catullus and His World – paints vivid sketches of the capital’s party set, sometimes full of pathos, more often scabrous, witty and abusive.
Greeks also wrote about Roman affairs. One of the first to do so was Polybius, brought to Rome as a hostage in 168 BC, befriended by Scipio Aemilianus, and a witness to the destruction of Carthage. His History provided a penetrating analysis of the Roman constitution and the rise of the Republic to mastery over the entire Mediterranean. Of Posidonius’ writings, little has survived – only a few scraps here and there. Bulkier fragments have been preserved of the Library of History, an immense, forty-volume universal history written by Diodorus Siculus, a Sicilian writing even as the Republic collapsed. A generation later, the geographer Strabo, who came from Mithridates’ old kingdom of Pontus, wrote an exhaustive gazetteer of the Roman world – including Italy and Rome herself. This was supplemented by the labours of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, whose Roman Antiquities was written as an introduction to Polybius, and contains invaluable information derived from the earliest Roman annalists.