; Caesar’s position questioned,
297
–
300
; Caesar’s victories,
241
–
4
,
247
–
8
,
273
,
274
; Cicero offered humiliating post in,
239
; failure of Domitius’ claim to,
257
,
260
; failure of harvest and uprisings
276
–
81
,
296
; Mark Antony in,
304
,
357
; Roman fear of,
242
,
245
; soldiers from,
267
,
268
; Transalpine,
229
,
257
; treasure from
271
–
2
,
287
,
316
; wine trade
246
–
7
Geneva,
241
German peoples,
241
,
244
,
247
,
273
–
4
gladiators,
196
,
198
,
295
; revolt,
143
,
144
–
50
; schools,
143
,
144
,
290
Goddess, Good: rites,
211
–
12
; shrine,
290
gods,
18
Gracchus, Gaius,
28
–
30
,
40
Gracchus, Tiberius,
28
–
30
,
38
,
166
graffiti,
14
,
28
grain,
48
,
131
,
254
Greece: cities
xix
,
4
,
12
; Mark Antony in,
369
–
70
; medicine,
112
; Pompey in,
314
; Roman incursions into,
9
–
10
,
35
,
36
–
7
; and Sicily,
7
; traces of heritage in Italy,
48
; trade in art from,
133
;
see also
Athens
Greeks: in Asia,
44
,
46
,
164
; attitudes to age,
104
; and freedom,
xix
,
xx
,
36
; philosophers,
78
,
83
,
271
; and prophecies,
33
,
367
; seen as extravagant,
16
Greenland,
43
Hannibal,
7
–
8
,
11
,
102
,
105
,
201
,
242
,
307
Helvetians,
241
–
4
Herculaneum,
53
Hercules,
117
Hirtius, Aulus,
354
,
356
,
358
Hitler, Adolf,
xx
Hobbes, Thomas,
xx
Homer,
36
,
176
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus),
384
–
5
Hortensius Hortalus, Quintus: affectations,
127
; and Clodius’ prosecution,
216
; loses supremacy as orator to Cicero,
127
,
129
,
131
,
132
,
133
–
4
; and pisciculture,
188
; retirement,
189
,
190
,
194
; and Sullan faction,
137
,
156
,
174
; supports Cicero,
239
; death,
303
houses: of aristocracy,
115
,
116
;
see
also
villas
Hybrida, Antonius,
203
,
209
,
210
,
234
,
235
Ides of March,
345
–
6
Illyricum,
228
incest,
192
–
3
,
327
India,
366
infantry,
93
insulae see
apartment blocks
Italian states: citizenship rights,
56
–
7
,
58
,
68
,
94
; and early Roman expansion,
6
; and military service,
54
; rebellions,
53
–
9
; unrest after Philippi,
364
–
5
;
see also
Campania
Janiculum Hill,
94
Jason of Tralles,
269
Jefferson, Thomas,
xx
Jerusalem,
182
; Temple
182
,
267
Jews,
332
,
333
,
348
,
367
Judaea,
42
,
182
Julia (Caesar’s daughter, Pompey’s wife),
230
,
250
,
251
,
263
,
287
–
8
Julia Major (Caesar’s sister)
113
Julia Minor (Caesar’s sister)
113
Julian clan,
23
,
63
,
110
,
116
,
117
Juno, sacred geese of,
242
Jupiter,
72
,
84
; priesthood of,
117
,
119
;
see also
temple of Jupiter
kings,
1
–
2
,
84
,
93
,
314
,
344
–
5
,
348
land bill,
226
–
7
Lares,
18
law,
125
–
35
legions,
see
army
leisure,
see
dice; games; resorts
Lepidus, Marcus,
316
,
346
,
347
,
359
; and second triumvirate,
360
–
63
,
364
,
366
,
370
Lesbos,
120
liberty,
xxi
,
2
,
8
,
24
,
36
,
76
,
147
lictors,
64
,
88
,
102
,
176
,
345
lions,
284
,
285
Lucca,
260
,
272
Lucrine Lake,
48
,
61
,
365
Lucullus, Lucius: background and character,
157
; and Caesar,
229
; campaign against Tigranes,
162
–
3
,
164
; marriage to Clodia,
158
,
192
; and Clodius,
167
,
168
,
192
,
215
,
217
; campaign against Mithridates,
159
–
63
,
164
; clemency,
163
–
4
; mutiny of army
167
–
8
,
176
–
7
; and Parthia,
267
; and pirates,
171
; and Servilia,
197
; and Sullan faction,
157
,
158
; tribunes and,
174
; loss of command,
176
–
7
; remarries,
195
; return to Rome and lavish lifestyle,
184
–
6
,
188
–
9
,
190
–
91
,
194
; and Syria,
181
; triumph,
184
–
5
,
215
Macedon,
9
–
10
,
12
,
78
,
79
,
210
,
234
,
362
–
3
Machiavelli, Niccolò,
xxii
magistracies: and census,