96
; deciphering of prophecies,
3
–
4
,
8
; electorate,
21
; eligibility for,
27
,
93
,
103
; immunity,
125
; multiple terms of office ridiculed,
220
; new posts created after civil unrest
5
; plebeians and,
26
;
see also
elections;
and individual offices
malaria,
13
Marcellus, Gaius,
304
Marcius Rex,
168
Marians,
89
,
110
,
118
,
133
,
141
,
156
Marius, Gaius: and army recruitment
166
; background,
56
,
124
,
127
; Caesar’s links with,
110
,
117
,
118
,
311
; character,
56
,
61
–
2
,
66
,
121
,
126
; Crassus’ family and
89
–
90
; defeats barbarian invasion,
243
–
4
; desire for command against Mithridates leads to conflict with Sulla,
59
–
60
,
62
,
63
,
65
–
73
,
103
; exhumation of ashes,
98
; forced to flee Rome
73
–
4
; and Italian rebellion,
56
,
57
; restoration of trophies,
198
; returns to take Rome,
87
,
128
; seventh consulship, insanity and death
87
–
8
; sightings of ghost of,
308
; villa and status,
61
–
3
,
108
,
186
Marius (son of Gaius),
88
,
91
,
98
,
104
marriage,
114
,
118
,
288
Marseille,
292
,
298
Medina,
360
Metelli (family),
191
–
2
Clodia Metelli,
191
–
2
,
196
,
216
,
233
,
234
; and Caelius,
251
–
2
,
258
–
9
,
296
Metellus, Caecilius (tribune)
316
Metellus Celer, Quintus Caecilius,
191
–
2
,
222
,
228
–
9
Metellus Pius Scipio, Quintius Caecilius,
292
–
3
,
305
,
310
,
330
,
335
,
338
Metrobius (drag queen),
108
Milo, Titus Annius,
253
,
255
,
261
,
289
–
90
,
291
–
2
,
296
,
298
mining,
42
–
3
Mithras cult,
172
Mithridates, King of Pontus: Alexander the Great as model for,
180
; and Athens,
80
–
81
; background and character,
45
; death,
182
–
3
; gains control of cities in Asia,
45
–
7
,
59
,
367
–
8
; Lucullus’ campaign against,
157
,
159
–
62
,
164
–
5
,
168
; Marius’ and Sulla’s rivalry for command against,
59
–
60
,
65
,
66
,
68
,
74
; and Mithras cult,
172
; Pompey takes over campaign,
177
,
222
; and prophecies,
46
–
7
,
180
,
315
,
368
; rebuilds power,
120
,
156
; Roman wish to continue war with,
155
–
6
; son,
330
; Sulla’s treaty with,
82
–
3
Modena,
357
Molon,
131
motherhood,
113
–
14
Mussolini, Benito,
xx
Mytilene,
120
,
221
,
323
Naples,
47
,
108
; Bay of,
47
–
9
,
50
,
61
–
2
,
186
,
349
,
351
–
2
Napoleon Bonaparte,
xx
necropolises,
14
Nero,
xxi
Nicomedes, King of Bithynia,
120
,
192
,
331
Nile, river,
334
; delta
321
Nisibis,
165
Nola,
50
,
387
; besieged by slaves,
145
; falls to Samnites,
53
,
65
; Roman siege of,
65
,
68
,
71
,
87
,
108
; Sulla’s colony in,
108
Octavia (Octavian’s sister, Antony’s wife),
292
,
366
,
369
,
370
,
374
Octavian (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus,
later
Augustus): adopts name Augustus,
378
;
Octavian –
cont
death and legacy,
387
–
8
; defeats pirates,
365
–
6
,
370
; elected consul,
360
; gratitude of Senate,
377
–
8
; and Horace,
384
–
5
; offered tribunate,
370
; plans for Rome,
381
–
7
; resettlement of veterans causes unrest,
365
–
6
; response to Caesar’s death,
351
–
2
,
356
–
60
; retention of power,
385
–
7
; second triumvirate,
360
–
61
; sinister reputation,
364
; styled King of Egypt,
376
; war with Antony,
373
–
6
Octavius, Gnaeus,
74
,
87
Olympic Games,
83
omens,
3
–
4
,
11
,
33
–
4
,
60
,
84
–
5
,
308
,
356
,
361
,
388
; role of augurs
303
Orata, Sergius,
48
–
9
,
62
,
187
oratory,
126
–
36
Ostia,
173
Ovile,
94
–
5
,
222
,
254
,
388
oysters,
48
,
187
,
191
Palatine Hill,
19
–
20
,
23
,
27
,
85
; Cicero’s house,
216
,
240
,
254
Pansa, Vibius,
354
,
356
,
358
panthers,
296
Parthenon,
78
,
82
Parthia,
267
,
268
–
9
,
288
,
344
,
345
,
351
,
364
,
372
patricians,
22
–
7
patronage,
115
–
16
pax Romana
,
181
Pergamum,
37