–
12
,
2
–
338
; campaigns in Greece and Asia,
80
–
83
,
129
,
155
–
6
; and civil war,
62
,
63
–
77
; consolidates victory and removes opponents,
97
–
101
; Crassus and,
100
,
139
; defeats Samnites,
91
–
2
; as dictator,
102
–
7
,
110
,
123
,
127
,
136
–
8
,
218
; and food laws,
187
; legacy and death,
109
,
127
; and Lucullus,
157
; Pompey and,
90
–
91
,
110
–
11
,
141
–
2
,
157
; punishment of Nola,
108
; resignation,
107
,
129
; return to high living,
106
–
7
; return to Rome,
89
–
91
; sightings of ghost of,
308
; Sullan regime,
122
,
136
–
7
,
157
–
8
,
198
; treatment of Samnite captives,
92
–
3
,
95
,
97
,
99
Sulpicius Rufus, Publius,
67
,
68
,
72
–
3
,
103
,
106
,
121
,
191
Surrentum,
53
swimming pools, 449,
62
Syme, Ronald,
xxii
Syria,
10
,
180
–
81
,
310
,
344
,
368
; Crassus and,
263
,
264
–
9
,
288
Tarquin, King of Rome,
1
–
2
,
3
,
22
taxation,
39
–
42
temples,
15
: of Bellona,
96
; of Castor and Pollux,
85
,
88
,
96
; of Isis,
333
; of Jupiter,
3
,
32
,
84
–
5
,
88
,
96
,
106
–
7
,
136
; of Saturn,
316
; of Venus,
283
,
321
,
343
; of Vesta,
374
thanksgiving, public,
248
,
296
–
7
theatres,
220
–
22
,
282
–
6
,
294
–
5
,
323
,
342
,
388
Thessalonica,
314
Thracians,
143
Tiber, river,
13
,
97
,
342
,
383
Tigranes, King of Armenia,
162
–
5
,
173
,
178
,
181
,
185
Tigranes, Prince,
250
Tigranocerta,
162
–
4
,
167
,
188
toys,
114
trade,
47
–
8
,
79
–
80
,
89
; in slaves,
47
,
163
,
170
,
247
; in wine,
246
–
7
trade associations,
see collegia
tradition: importance of,
4
,
122
,
137
,
164
tribunate,
5
,
27
–
30
,
68
; Clodius and,
236
–
40
,
249
–
52
; Curio and,
300
–
301
; elections for,
94
; Milo and,
253
,
255
; Sulla’s emasculation of,
105
,
123
; Sulla’s law removed,
137
,
151
,
174
triumvirate, first,
227
–
57
,
259
–
88
triumvirate, second,
360
–
70
Trojans,
275
,
383
Tullia (Cicero’s daughter),
254
,
350
Tusculum,
186
United States of America,
xxi
Updike, John,
xx
-
xxi
Utica,
335
,
336
,
340
,
342
Varro, Marcus Terentius,
2
n,
331
n
Velleius, Paterculus,
xxv
Venetians,
272
–
3
,
275
Venus,
22
,
70
,
72
,
114
,
116
,
321
,
343
Vercingetorix,
277
–
81
Verres, Gaius,
132
–
4
,
361
Vestal Virgins,
139
–
40
,
374
Vesuvius, Mount,
47
,
49
,
53
,
145
veterans: resettlement of,
108
,
227
,
364
,
381
–
2
,
384
via Egnatia,
10
via Nova,
15
via Sacra,
15
,
72
,
199
vici
,
18
Villa Publica,
95
–
7
,
99
,
224
villas,
48
–
9
,
61
–
3
,
185
–
6
,
216
Virgil,
367
,
382
,
383
–
4
weddings,
114
weights,
80
wine trade,
246
–
7
women: attitudes to,
192
–
3
,
211
; and goddess rites,
210
–
12
; and marriage,
118
; and sexuality,
192
–
3
* Usually quoted in Latin – ‘alea iacta est’ – but in fact lifted from the Athenian playwright Menander, and spoken by Caesar in Greek. See Plutarch, Pompey, 60 and Caesar, 32.
* Although, according to Varro, the great polymath of the late Republic, the Tarquin visited by the Sibyl was Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome.
† Consuls were in fact originally called praetors. The murk of early Roman history is dense with such confusions.
* Judging from funerary inscriptions — the only written evidence that has survived.
* Piso and Livy disagreed over the destination of the plebeians’ first walk-out, Piso claiming that it had been on the Aventine, Livy at the nearby Sacred Mount.
* Almost certainly – although explicit proof is lacking – there was a property qualification for public office.
* The oft-repeated story that the Romans drove a plough over the foundations of Carthage and sowed them with salt appears to be just that – a story. Certainly, no ancient source refers to it.
* According to the poet Catullus, anyway (37 and 39). It was probably a joke, but one that must have played on Roman prejudices about Spanish standards of personal hygiene.
† The Iberian peninsula was not brought entirely under Roman control until 23 BC.