G. J. Gill, Collapse of a Single-Party System (Cambridge, 1994), on the demise of the Soviet system.
———and R. D. Markwick, Russia’s Stillborn Democracy? From Gorbachev to Yeltsin (Oxford, 2000), introduction to politics in the transition era.
M. S. Gorbachev, Perestroika (rev. edn., 1988), discussion of the ‘new thinking’ that shows the lack of clear vision, especially on realizing perestroika.
———Memoirs (New York, 1996), spirited defence of his leadership during perestroika.
T. Gustafson, Capitalism Russian-Style (Cambridge, 1999), readable, inclusive account of the transition period.
G. M. Hahn, Russia’s Revolution from Above, 1985–2000: Reform, Transition, and Revolution in the Fall of the Soviet Communist Regime (New Brunswick, NJ, 2002), general survey of perestroika and the break-up of the USSR.
G. A. Hosking, The Awakening of the Soviet Union (rev. edn., Cambridge, Mass., 1991), early assessment of the Gorbachev era.
———et al., Independent Political Movements in the Soviet Union 1985–91 (London, 1992), on the emergence of political pluralism.
J. F. Hough, Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 1985–1991 (Washington, DC, 1997), on the high politics of perestroika.
———The Logic of Economic Reform in Russia (Washington, DC, 2001), emphasizes the pernicious role of the West in promoting corrupt practices in the economic transition.
International Monetary Fund, A Study of the Soviet Economy, 3 vols. (Washington, 1991), wide-ranging survey of the Soviet economy on the eve of the dissolution of the USSR.
A. C. Lynch, How Russia Is Not Ruled: Reflections on Russian Political Development (Cambridge, 2004), surveys Soviet legacies and turbulent 1990s.
M. McCauley, Gorbachev (London, 1998), overview of Gorbachev and his role in the final years of the USSR.
M. McFaul, Russia’s Unfinished Revolution: Political Change (Ithaca, NY, 2001), political overview from perestroika to 1996 election.
P. Nagy, The Meltdown of the Russian State (Cheltenham, 2000), detailed critique of politics and economy policy in the 1990s.
R. Sakwa, Gorbachev and his Reforms, 1985–1990 (New York, 1991), positive assessment of Gorbachev as reformer.
A. Shleifer and D. Treisman, Without a Map: Political Tactics and Economic Reform in Russia (Cambridge, 2000), vigorous defence of economic policies advocated by outside consultants.
G. Smith (ed.), The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union (London, 1990), wide-ranging coverage.
S. S. Smith, The Politics of Institutional Choice: The Formation of the Russian State Duma (Princeton, NJ, 2001), on presidential and Duma politics in the late 1990s.
S. L. Solnick, Stealing the State: Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge, Mass., 1999), shows how decentralization enabled local officials to divert assets and resources to own ends.
K. Stoner-Weiss, Resisting the State: Reform and Retrenchment in Post-Soviet Russia (Cambridge), on the complex interrelationship of the centre and provinces under Yeltsin.
L. M. Sundstrom, Funding Civil Society: Foreign Assistance and NGO Development in Russia (Stanford, Calif., 2006), study of selected NGOs and the role of foreign assistance.
R. G. Suny, The Revenge of the Past (Stanford, Calif., 1994), on nationalism and the demise of the Soviet system.
J. Wedel, Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern Europe, 1989–1998 (New York, 1998), trenchant critique of Western aide to the former Eastern bloc countries.
S. White, Gorbachev and After (3rd edn., Cambridge, 1992), short narrative of perestroika.
B. Yeltsin, Against the Grain (London, 1990), autobiography, with revealing insights into the author’s rise to power.
W. Zimmerman, The Russian People and Foreign Policy: Russian Elite and Mass Perspectives, 1993–2000 ( Princeton, NJ, 2002), on the contrast between the international values of élites and the isolationist indifference of lower classes.
15. REBUILDING RUSSIA
P. Baev (ed.), Russian Energy Policy and Military Power: Putin’s Quest for Greatness (London, 2008), essays examining hydrocarbon revenues and their impact on military power and reform.
T. J. Colton and S. Holmes (eds.), The State after Communism: Governance in the New Russia (Lanham, Md., 2006), examination of Putin’s emphasis on the state and effective governance.
———and M. McFaul, Popular Choice and Managed Democracy: The Russian Elections of 1999 and 2000 (Washington, DC, 2003), sophisticated analysis of the Duma and presidential elections which inaugurated the Putin era.
D. R. Herspring, Putin’s Russia: Past Imperfect, Future Uncertain (Lanham, Md., 2003), articles sketching Russia at the start of the new millennium.
R. Kanet (ed.), Russia: Re-emerging Great Power (New York, 2007), essays on Russian foreign policy under Putin.
A. Ledeneva, How Russia Really Works; The Informal Practices That Shaped Post-Soviet Politics and Business (Ithaca, NY, 2006), modus operandi of politics and business in the post-Soviet era.
A. Politkovskaya, A Russian Diary: A Journalist’s Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin’s Russia (New York, 2007), report by investigative journalist whose murder in 2006 became a cause célèbre and ignited much criticism of the Putin regime.
A. Pravda (ed.), Leading Russia: Putin in Perspective (Oxford, 2005), essays on Putin’s first term.
V. Putin, First Person (New York, 2000), political statement in first presidential campaign.
C. Ross (ed.), Local Politics and Democratization in Russia (New York, 2009), essays on politics in the Putin era, accenting the residual power at local level despite Putin’s ‘vertikal’.
R. Sakwa, Putin: Russia’s Choice (2nd edn., London, 2008), richly detailed account of Putin’s objectives and difficulties.
———Russian Politics and Society (4th edn., New York, 2008), systematic and unusually dispassionate analysis of the Putin era.
L. Shevtsova, Putin’s Russia (Washington, 2003), critical treatment of Putin’s policies and power.
———Russia—Lost in Transition: The Yeltsin and Putin Legacies (Washington, DC, 2007), negative assessment of post-Soviet governments.
S. White (ed.), Politics and the Ruling Group in Putin’s Russia (New York, 2008), articles on élite politics, the ‘oligarchs’, and decision-making.
INTERNET SITES
http://www.gov.ru home site of the Russian government, with links to the office of the president, parliament, and various ministries and state agencies
http://rferl.org/newsline/search/org archive of daily news reports since 1997
http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/default.html archive of news reports, short articles, commentaries, and documents since 1996.
PHOTOGRAPHIC ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
© The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia/The Bridgeman Art Library: 5, 6; © Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow/The Bridgeman Art Library: 7; © Camera Press: 16; © Roberto Koch/Contrasto/Eyevine: 17; © Hulton Archive/Getty Images: 8; © Robert Harding Picture Library: 12; © David King Collection; 11, 13; © Jack Kollmann: 2; © AP/Press Association Images: 18; © Rex Features: 10; © RIA Novosti: 4, 14, 15; © GIM Collection/State/Historical Museum, Moscow: 3; © Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow: 1; © V&A Images, The Victoria & Albert Museum: 9