↑ Bibliography: Memoirs , Izvestia and Geological Maps of the Committee for the Geological Survey of Russia; Memoirs and Sborniks of the Mineralogical Society, of the Academy of Science and of the Societies of Naturalists at the Universities; Mining Journal ; Murchison's Geology of Russia ; Helmersen's and Möller's Geological Maps of Russia and the Urals; Inostrantsev in Appendix to Russian translation of Reclus's Géogr. Univ. , and Manual of Geology (Russian).
↑ See A. Aïtoff, Peuples et langages de la Russie (Paris, 1906), based on the report of the Russian Census Committee of 1897.
↑ These totals include in some cases small linguistic groups not mentioned in the table.
↑ About 77% Bulgarians, the rest mostly Bohemians (Czechs).
↑ Inclusive of 448,022 Zhmuds.
↑ Principally Frenchmen, with Englishmen, Italians, Norwegians, Danes, Dutchmen and Spaniards.
↑ Ethnologically the Bulgarians ought perhaps to come here; but, as a large admixture of Slav blood flows in their veins and they speak a distinctly Slav language, they have in this table been grouped with the Slavs.
↑ Includes Georgians, Mingrelians, Imeretians, Lazes and Svanetians.
↑ For details, see table under the heading Caucasia . Of the total given here, 20% are Circassians.
↑ M. Stolypin defended the ukaz of the 2nd of June 1907, which in flat contradiction of the provisions of the fundamental laws altered the electoral law without the consent of the legislature, on the ground that what the autocrat had granted the autocrat could take away. The members of the Opposition, on the other hand, quoting Art. 84 of the fundamental laws (“The empire is governed on the immutable basis of laws issued according to the established order”), argued that the emperor himself could only act within the limits of the order established by those laws. It is noteworthy that even the third Duma in its address to the throne, if it avoided the tabooed word “Constitution,” avoided also all mention of autocracy.
↑ Le Parlement russe , p. 151.
↑ Imperator is the official style. The Russian translation is Gosudar . Popularly, however, the emperor is known by his old Russian title of tsar ( q.v. ).
↑ This is the first time since Peter the Great that the clergy have been given a voice in secular affairs in Russia.
↑ The number of the council was formerly not fixed, and there are still honorary councillors who have no right to sit. Thus in 1910 the honorary president of the council was the grand-duke Michael Nicolaievich, the actual president M. G. Akimov. The judicial and administrative work of the old council was in 1906 assigned to separate committees.
↑ These returned 23 members in the first and second Dumas.
↑ These totals include in some cases small linguistic groups not mentioned in the table.