Ambassadorial [1669/70-75/6]; Vladimir Tax District [1669/70-75/6]; Galich Tax District [1669/70-75/6]; Novgorod Tax District [1669/70,1671/2-75/6]; Ransom [1670/1-71/2]; Pharmaceutical [1671/ 2-75/ 6]
Leont'ev, F. I. 1670 Artillery [1672/3-76/7]
Khitrovo, I. S. 1670 1676 Provisions [1667/ 8-69/70]; Ustiug Tax
District [1670/1-71/ 2]; Monastery [1675/6-77/8]; Judicial Review [1689/90] Poltev, S. F. 1671 Dragoons [1670/1-75/6]; Foreign
Mercenaries [1670/1-75/6]
Naryshkin, K. P. 1671 1672 1672 Ustiug Tax District [1676/7]; Grand
Treasury [1676/7-77/8]; Grand Revenue [1676/7-77/8]
Grand Palace [1669/70-78/9]; Court Judicial [1669/70-75/6,1677/8-78/9] Military Service [1656/7-60/1]; New Tax District [1660/1-65/6]; Ransom [1666/7, 1668/9, 1670/1-71/2]; Ambassadorial [1670/1-75/6]; Little Russian [1668/ 9-75/6]; Vladimir [1670/1-75/6]; Galich [1670/1-75/6]; Grand Treasury [1675/ 6-76/7]; Grand Revenue [1675/6-76/7] Privy Affairs [1671/2-75/6]; Provisions [1675/6-77/8]; Grand Revenue [1675/6]; Investigative [1675/6,1677/8]; Musketeers [1675/6-77/8,1681/2]; Ustiug Tax District [1675/6-77/8]; Judicial [1680/1]; Moscow (Zemskii) [1686/ 7-89/ 90]; Treasury [1689/ 90] NONE
Artillery [1655/ 6]; Foreign Mercenary [1656/7-57/8]; Grand Treasury [1659/60-63/4]; Grand Revenue [1662/3]; Privy Affairs [1663/ 4-71/ 2]; Grand Palace [1671/ 2-76/7]
Equerry [1653/4-63/4]; Gun Barrel
| Khitrovo, A. S. 1671 1676 |
| Bogdanov, G. K. 1671 |
| Polianskii, D. L. 1672 |
| Naryshkin, F. P. 1672 Mikhailov, F. 1672 |
| Matiushkin, A. I. 1672 |
| Lopukhin, A. N. 1672 |
| Panin, V. N. 1673 |
[1653/4]
Tsarina's Workshop [1669/ 70-76/ 7] NONE
Figure 19.3 (cont.)
tsar no longer ruled exclusively with the duma men, but instead via special conciliar and executive bodies. Kotoshikhin described two of them. The first was a kind of privy council chosen from the 'closest boyars and okol'nichie' (boiare i okol'nichie blizhnie). Here Alexis discussed affairs 'in private', outside the large council.32 Second, Kotoshikhin detailed the workings of the Privy Chancellery (Prikaz tainykh del), where the 'boyars and duma men do not enter . . . and have no jurisdiction'.33 And that chancellery', he wrote, 'was established in the present reign, so that the tsar's will and all his affairs would be carried out as he desires, without the boyars and duma men having any knowledge ofthese matters.'34 Kotoshikhin's understanding of Alexis's relation to hereditary duma men is clear: while he honoured them, he did his real business with the 'closest people'. He was, it is true, hardly the first Russian ruler to surround himself with an inner circle of powerful advisers.35 He was, however, the first to do so since the political settlement that ended the Time of Troubles. For one of the few times in Muscovite history, the tsar had succeeded in liberating himself from the elite of which he was a part. Muscovy became an autocracy - or at least less of an oligarchy - as it had been under Ivan III and Ivan IV.
But only for a moment, for Alexis's new order proved untenable. He was strong enough and clever enough to use his novel tool of patronage sparingly. His successors were neither. As a result of their political insecurity, Fedor, Sophia and young Peter -together with those who urged them on - were forced to 'go to the well' of duma patronage often in order to win support among the boiarstvo. They made hordes of appointments from the ever-expanding court in a desperate effort to curry favour. The result can be seen in Figure 19.4.
The duma ranks ballooned, and thereby lost their meaning even as royal patronage. Alexis's weak successors had, in essence, devalued the currency bequeathed to them by their father. What Alexis had carefully designed as a mechanism to bring new talent into the political class resulted, under his children, in the destruction of that class. Confusion reigned among the elite; mestnichestvo - a nuisance from the point of view of the crown and meaningless from the point of view of the old elite - died an unmourned death.36 As early
32 Kotosixin, ORossii,fo. 36.
33 Ibid., fo. i23v.
34 Ibid., fo.i24.
35 On the existence ofsuch 'inner circles' in previous eras, see A. I. Filiushkin, Istoriiaodnoi mistifikatsii: Ivan Groznyi i 'IzbrannaiaRada' (Moscow: VGU, 1998), and Sergei Bogatyrev, The Sovereign and His Counsellors. Ritualised Consultations in Muscovite Political Culture, 135os-157os (Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters 2000).
36 Marshall T. Poe, 'The Imaginary World of Semen Koltovskii: Genealogical Anxiety and Falsification in Seventeenth-Century Russia', Cahiers du monde russe 39 (1998): 375-88.
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