13. Theroux (1989), p. 195.
14. Pusey (2001), p. 20.
15. Stanford (2001), p. 26.
16. McGrew and Feistner (1992), p. 232.
17. de Waal (1995).
18. de Waal and Lanting (1998), p. 73.
19. de Waal (2001a), p. 140.
20. The quote appears here:
http://primatediaries.blogspot.com/2009/03/ bonobos-in-garden-of-eden.html.
21. Fisher (1992), p. 129.
22. Fisher (1992), pp. 129-130.
23. Fisher (1992). These quotes are all taken from an endnote on page 329.
24. Fisher (1992), p. 92.
25. Fisher (1992), pp. 130-131.
26. de Waal (2001b), p. 47.
27. de Waal (2005), pp. 124-125.
28. A true man of science, de Waal was kind enough to
review and critique parts of this book, including sections
where we disagree with some of his views.
29. The information in this chart is taken from various sources (Blount, 1990; Kano, 1980 and 1992; de Waal and Lanting, 1998; Savage-Rumbaugh and Wilkerson, 1978; de Waal, 2001a; de Waal, 2001b).
1. For readers interested in further understanding how and why the shift from foraging to cultivation happened, Fagan
(2004) and Quinn (1995) are both great places to start.
2. Cochran and Harpending (2009) point out some of these parallels: “In both [domesticated] humans and domesticated animals,” they write, “we see a reduction in brain size, broader skulls, changes in hair color or coat color, and smaller teeth.” (p. 112.)
3. Anderson is quoted in “Hellhole,” by Atul Gawande in The New Yorker, March 30, 2009. The article is very much worth reading for its examination of whether solitary confinement is so anti-human that it qualifies as torture. Gawande concludes it clearly does, writing, “Simply to exist as a normal human being requires interaction with other people.”
4. Jones et al. (1992), p. 123.
5. Although only humans and bonobos appear to have sex throughout the menstrual cycle, both chimps and some types of dolphins seem to share our predilection for engaging in sex for pleasure, as opposed to reproduction alone.
6. These tidbits come from Ventura’s wonderful essay on the origins of jazz and rock music, “Hear That Long Snake Moan,” published in Ventura (1986). The book is out of print, but you can access this essay and other writing at Ventura’s website: http://www.michaelventura. org/. The Thompson material can be found both in Ventura’s essay and in Thompson (1984).
1. Harris (1989), p. 195.
2. Beckerman and Valentine (2002), p. 10.
3. Beckerman and Valentine (2002), p. 6.
4. Kim Hill is quoted in Hrdy (1999b), pp. 246-247.
5. Among the Bari people of Colombia and Venezuela, for example, researchers found that 80 percent of the children with two or more socially recognized fathers survived to adulthood, whereas only 64 percent of those with one official father made it that far. Hill and Hurtado (1996) reported that among their sample of 227 Ache children, 70 percent of those with only one recognized father survived to age ten, while 85 percent of those with both a primary and secondary father made it that far.
6. The quote is from an article by Sally Lehrman posted on AlterNet.org. Available at http://www.alternet.org/story/ 13648/?page=entire.
7. Morris (1981), pp. 154-156.
8. In Beckerman and Valentine (2002), p. 128.
9. See Erikson’s chapter in Beckerman and Valentine (2002).
10. Williams (1988), p. 114.
11. Caesar (2008), p. 121.
12. Quoted in Sturma (2002), p. 17.
13. See Littlewood (2003).
14. At this point, naysayers will point out that Margaret Mead’s famous claims of South Seas libertines were debunked by Derek Freeman (1983). But Freeman’s debunking has been debunked as well, thus leaving Mead’s original claims, what, rebunked? Hiram Caton (1990) and others have argued, quite compellingly, that Freeman’s relentless attacks on Mead were likely motivated by a psychiatric disorder that also led to several paranoid outbursts of such intensity that he was forcibly removed from Sarawak by Australian diplomatic officials. The general consensus in the anthropological community seems to be that it’s unclear to what extent, if any, Mead’s findings were mistaken. Freeman’s purported debunking took place after decades of Christian indoctrination of Samoans, so it should surprise no one if the stories he heard differed significantly from those told to Mead half a century earlier. For a brief review, we recommend Monaghan (2006).
15. Ford and Beach (1952), p. 118.
16. Small (1993), p. 153.
17. de Waal (2005), p. 101.
18. Morris (1967), p. 79.
19. http://primatediaries.blogspot.com/2007/08/ forbidden-love.html.
20. Kinsey (1953), p. 415.
21. Sulloway (1998).
22. For a review of other mammals that practice sharing behavior, see Ridley (1996) and Stanford (2001).
23. Bogucki (1999), p. 124.
24. Knight (1995), p. 210.
25. The extent to which ovulation truly is hidden in humans is not as settled a matter as many authorities claim. There is good reason to believe that olfactory systems are still able to detect ovulation in women and that such systems are significantly atrophied when compared with those of ancestral humans. See, for example, Singh and Bronstad (2001). Furthermore, there is reason to believe that women advertise their fertility status via visual cues such as jewelry and changes in facial attractiveness. See, for example, Roberts et al. (2004).
26. Daniels (1983), p. 69.
27. Gregor (1985), p. 37.
28. Crocker and Crocker (2003), pp. 125-126.
29. Wilson (1978), p. 144.
1. Pollock (2002), pp. 53-54.
2. The quote is taken from an interview by Sarah van Gelder, “Remembering Our Purpose: An Interview with Malidoma Some,” In Context: A Quarterly of Humane Sustainable Culture, vol. 34, p. 30 (1993). Available online at http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC34/Some.htm.
3. Hrdy (1999), p. 498.
4. Darwin (1871), p. 610.
5. Leacock (1981), p. 50.
6. http://www.slate.com/id/2204451/.
7. Erikson (2002), p. 131.
8. Chernela (2002), p. 163.
9. Lea (2002), p. 113.
10. Chernela (2002), p. 173.
11. Morris (1998), p. 262.
12. Malinowski (1962), pp. 156-157.
13. See Sapolsky (2005).
14. Drucker (2004).
15. Even Jean-Jacques Rousseau, poster-boy for the Romantic ideal of the Noble Savage, made use of these baby disposals. In 1785, Benjamin Franklin visited the hospital where Rousseau had deposited his five illegitimate children and discovered a mortality rate of 85 percent among the babies there (“Baby Food,” by Jill Lepore, in The New Yorker, January 19, 2009).
16. McElvaine (2001), p. 45.
17. Betzig (1989), p. 654.
1. As we write this, Tiger Woods is being accused of having “slept with” more than a dozen women in cars, parking lots, on sofas.. Are we to think he’s a narcoleptic?
2. de Waal (2005), p. 108.