3. Trivers’s paper is seen as the foundational text in establishing the importance of male provisioning (investment) as a crucial factor in female sexual selection, among other things. It’s well worth a read if you want a deeper understanding of the overall development of evolutionary psychology.
4. Ghiglieri (1999), p. 150.
5. Small (1993), p. 135.
6. Roughgarden (2007). Available online:
http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/ 931165/
challenging_darwins_theory_of_sexual_selection/index.html.
7. The New Yorker, November 25, 2002.
8. Cartwright’s article is available here: http://www.pbs.org/ wgbh/aia/part4/4h3106t.html.
9. Symons (1979), p. 108.
11. Article by Souhail Karam, Reuters, July 24, 2006.
12. The New Yorker, April 17, 2007.
13. Vincent of Beauvais Speculum doctrinale 10.45.
14. Both from Townsend and Levy (1990b).
1. Edgerton (1992), p. 182.
2. In Margolis (2004), p. 175.
3. Pollock (2002), p. 53.
4. For more on the deep connections between a society’s levels of violence and its eroticism, see Prescott (1975).
5. Quoted in Hua (2001), p. 23.
6. Namu (2004), p 276. For an excellent look at Mosuo culture, check out PBS Frontline World, “The Women’s Kingdom,” available at www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/ 2005/07/introduction_to.html.
7. Namu (2004), p. 69.
8. Namu (2004), p. 8.
9. This sacred regard for each individual’s autonomy is characteristic of foragers, too. For example, when Michael
Finkel visited the Hadza recently in Tanzania, he reported, “the Hadza recognize no official leaders. Camps are traditionally named after a senior male ... but this honor does not confer any particular power. Individual autonomy is the hallmark of the Hadza. No Hadza adult has authority over any other.” (National Geographic, December 2009.)
10. Hua (2001), pp. 202-203.
11. Namu (2004), pp. 94-95.
12. China’s Kingdom of Women, Cynthia Barnes. Slate.com
(November 17, 2006): http://www.slate.com/id/2153586/
entry/2153614.
13. Goldberg (1993), p. 15.
14. (Photo: Christopher Ryan.) When I saw this old woman, I knew her face contained the feminine strength and humor I was hoping to convey in a photo. I gestured to ask if it would be all right to take her picture. She agreed, but asked me to wait, and immediately started calling. These two little girls (granddaughters? Great-granddaughters?) came running. Once she had them in her arms, she gave me the go-ahead to take the shot.
15. The book was published in 2002, while Goldberg’s came out almost a decade earlier, but all of Sanday’s work on the Minangkabau, including the paper Goldberg cites, argues against his position—a point certainly deserving of mention.
16. Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-05/ uop-imm050902.php.
17. Source: www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-05/
uop-imm050902.php.
18. Most of these quotes are from an article by David Smith
that appeared in The Guardian, September 18, 2005, available online at http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/sep/18/
usa.filmnews, or Stephen Holden’s review in The New York Times, June 24, 2005, available online at
http://movies.nytimes.com/2005/06/24/movies/ 24peng.html?_r=2.
19. The San Diego Union-Tribune: “Studies Suggest Monogamy Isn’t for the Birds—or Most Creatures,” by Scott LaFee, September 4, 2002.
20. “Monogamy and the Prairie Vole,” Scientific American online issue, February 2005, pp. 22-27.
21. Things have become a bit more muddled since Insel said that. More recently, Insel and others have been working on trying to discover the hormonal correlations underlying the fidelity or lack thereof among prairie, montane, and meadow voles. As reported in the October 7, 1993 issue of Nature, Insel and his team found that vasopressin, a hormone released during mating, seemed to trigger protective, nestguarding behavior in some species of male voles, but not others, leading to speculation about “monogamy genes.” See http://findarticles com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n22_v144/ ai_14642472 for a review. In 2008, Hasse Walum of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden found that a variation in the gene called RS3 334 seemed to be associated with how easily men bonded emotionally with their partners. Most interestingly, the gene appears to have some association with autism as well. The reference for Walum’s paper is Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, DOI: 10.1073pnas.0803081105. A news article summarizing the findings is online at http://www.newscientist.com/article/ dn14641-monogamy-gene-found-in-people.html.
1. Darwin (1871/2007), p. 184.
2. Hrdy (1999b), p. 249.
3. Known to historians as The Wicked Bible or The Adulterous Bible, the mistake led to the royal printers losing their license and a £300 fine.
4. Confusingly, the tribe that came to be known as the Flatheads was not one of them, as their heads were “flat,” like the white trappers’, while the neighboring tribes’ heads were bizarrely conical.
5. Grayscale reproduction scanned from Eaton, D.; Urbanek,
5.: Paul Kane’s Great Nor-West, University of British Columbia Press; Vancouver, 1995.
6. In fact, Maryanne Fisher and her colleagues found the opposite; distress was greater if the infidelity involved someone with familial bonds (see Fisher, et al. [2009]).
7. Buss (2000), p. 33.
9. Jetha and Falcato (1991).
10. Harris (2000), p. 1084.
11. For an overview of Buss’s research on jealousy, see Buss
(2000). For research and commentary rebutting his work, see Ryan and Jetha (2005), Harris and Christenfeld (1996), and DeSteno and Salovey (1996).
12. www.epjournal.net/filestore/ep06667675.pdf.
13. Holmberg (1969), p. 161.
14. From an “On Faith” blog post in The Washington Post, November 29, 2007: http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/ onfaith/panelists/richard_dawkins/2007/11/ banishing_the_greeneyed_monste.html.
15. Wilson (1978), p. 142.
1. Presumably, he was reading the sixth edition, published in 1826.
2. Barlow (1958), p. 120.
3. It’s no accident that Darwin was well aware of Malthus’s thinking. Harriet Martineau, an early feminist, economic philosopher, and outspoken opponent of slavery, had been close to Malthus before striking up a friendship with Darwin’s older brother, Erasmus, who introduced her to Charles. Had Charles not been “astonished to find how ugly she is,” some, including Matt Ridley, suspect their friendship might have led to marriage. It would surely have been a marriage with lasting effects on Western thought (see Ridley’s article, “The Natural Order of Things,” in The Spectator, January 7, 2009).