10. Ibid.
11. Chris Serres and Glenn Howatt, “In Jail for Being in Debt,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, March 17, 2011.
12. “The New Debtors’ Prisons,” New York Times, April 5, 2009.
13. ACLU, In for a Penny: The Rise of America’s New Debtors’ Prisons (New York, October 2010), http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/InForAPenny_web.pdf.
14. Rebekah Diller, Alicia Bannon, and Mitali Nagrecha, Criminal Justice Debt: A Barrier to Reentry (New York: Brennan Center for Justice, 2010), http://www.brennancenter.org/publication/criminal-justice-debt-barrier-reentry.
15. Phil Willon, “Riverside County to Make Inmates Pay Jail Costs,” Los Angeles Times, November 20, 2011.
16. Ibid.
16. CRIME ACADEMIES, RAPE, SEX SLAVES, INFECTION, DEATH
1. The ex-convict who told me this story preferred to remain anonymous. So did the ex-convict who related his cellmate’s nightmare.
2. Jesus Chavez, interviews with the author, 2000. Chavez’s life story was told in Adam Pitluk, Standing Eight: The Inspiring Story of Jesus “El Matador” Chavez, Who Became Lightweight Champion of the World (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2006).
3. The Los Angeles Times has written many stories about the horrors of Baca’s jails that describe many of these incidents. Some were described to me by people on the scene. A good place to start is Robert Faturechi and Jack Leonard, “L.A. County Sheriff’s Deputy Alleges Colleague Pointed Gun at Him,” Los Angeles Times, February 15, 2012.
4. See Sarah Liebowitz, Peter Eliasberg, Margaret Winter, and Esther Lim, Cruel and Unusual Punishment: How a Savage Gang of Deputies Controls L.A. County Jails (New York: ACLU National Prison Project, ACLU of Southern California, September 2011), http://www.nlg-npap.org/reports/cruel-and-usual-punishment-how-savage-gang-deputies-controls-la-county-jails.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. “Sheriff Baca Reopens Cases of Alleged Inmate Abuse by Deputies,” Los Angeles Times, October 9, 2011.
8. Heather C. West, William J. Sabol, and Sarah J. Greenman, “Prisoners in 2009,” Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin, December 2010, http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/p09.pdf.
9. Editorial, New York Times, October 1, 2008.
10. Lisa Guenther, “The Living Death of Solitary Confinement,” New York Times, August 26, 2012.
11. Ruth Marcus, “The Cruelest Punishment,” Washington Post, October 16, 2012.
12. “Solitary-Confinement Inmates Threaten New Hunger Strike,” Los Angeles Times, December 21, 2012.
13. Colin Dayan has written extensively on this topic. See his “Barbarous Confinement,” New York Times, July 17, 2011; and The Law Is a White Dog: How Legal Rituals Make and Unmake Persons (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011).
14. Allen J. Beck, Paige M. Harrison, Marcus Berzofsky, Rachel Caspar, and Christopher Krebs, Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2008–09 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, August 2010), http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri0809.pdf.
15. Human Rights Watch, “Rape Crisis in U.S. Prisons,” April 19, 2001, http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2001/04/18/rape-crisis-us-prisons.
16. Unless otherwise cited, quotations and stories in the following sections are from Human Rights Watch, No Escape: Male Rape in U.S. Prisons (New York, 2001).
17. Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago (New York: Harper & Row, 1974).
17. THE INSANITY OF MENTAL HEALTH PRACTICES
1. See E. Fuller Torrey et al., More Mentally Ill Persons Are in Jails and Prisons than Hospitals: A Survey of the States (Arlington, VA: Treatment Advocacy Center, May 2010), http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/final_jails_v_hospitals_study.pdf.
2. See Debbie Dawn Ramsey, “Evolution of Mental Health Organizations in the United States,” Journal of Global Health Care Systems 1, no. 3 (2011).
3. National Coalition for the Homeless, “Mental Illness and Homelessness,” Fact Sheet No. 5, June 2006.
4. The death and its aftermath were covered in detail in a series of articles in the Orange County Register and Los Angeles Times. See “Grand Jury: Third Fullerton Officer Beat Kelly Thomas,” Los Angeles Times, October 11, 2012.
5. Rothmiller interviews.
6. Treatment Advocacy Center, “Criminalization of Individuals with Severe Psychiatric Disorders,” briefing paper, April 2007, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/criminalization_of_individuals_with_severe_psychiatric_disorders.pdf.
7. Jamie Fellner and Sasha Abramsky, “Prisons No Place for the Mentally Ill,” Human Rights Watch, February 13, 2004, http://www.hrw.org/news/2004/02/12/prisons-no-place-mentally-ill.
8. “United States: Mentally Ill Mistreated in Prison,” Human Rights Watch, October 22, 2003, http://www.hrw.org/news/2003/10/21/united-states-mentally-ill-mistreated-prison.
9. Anonymous inmate, interview with the author.
10. FAMM, “Atiba Parker—Mississippi,” Faces of FAMM: State Profiles, accessed March 22, 2013, http://www.famm.org/facesofFAMM/StateProfiles/AtibaParker.aspx.
11. Ibid.
12. Tony Perry, “Sex Offender John Albert Gardner III Sentenced to Life in Prison,” Los Angeles Times, May 15, 2010.
13. “Early Interventions for Schizophrenia Look Promising, but Evidence Is Inconclusive,” Health Behavior News Service, June 14, 2011. Also see Til Wykes and Max Marshall, “Reshaping Mental Health Practice with Evidence: The Mental Health Research Network,” Psychiatric Bulletin 28 (2004), http://pb.rcpsych.org/content/28/5/153.full.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Jessica Grogan, “ACEP Poll Pulls Back the Curtain on ED Overcrowding,” MDNews.com, May 11, 2011, http://www.mdnews.com/news/2011_05/acep-poll-pulls-back-the-curtain-on-ed-overcrowding.aspx.
18. LEGACY INMATES