1. Valencia interviews.
2. Kevin Iole, “Cunningham Offers Alternative to Violence,” Yahoo! Sports, January 25, 2011, http://sports.yahoo.com/box/news?slug=ki-cunningham012511.
3. Ibid.
4. Benjamin Todd Jealous and Rod Paige, “Prison Spending Bleeds Education System,” CNN, April 7, 2011, http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-07/opinion/jealous.prison.reform_1_prison-populations-prison-spending-offenders-from-state-prisons.
5. Marc Mauer and Ryan Scott King, Schools and Prisons: Fifty Years after Brown v. Board of Education (Washington, DC: Sentencing Project, January 2004), http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/rd_brownvboard.pdf.
6. Harry G. Levine and Deborah Peterson Small, Marijuana Arrest Crusade: Racial Bias and Police Policy in New York City, 1997–2007 (New York: New York Civil Liberties Union, April 2008), http://www.nyclu.org/files/MARIJUANA-ARREST-CRUSADE_Final.pdf.
7. Charles M. Blow, “Escape from New York,” New York Times, March 18, 2011.
8. Colleen Long, “Stop and Frisk: Police Stop More than 1 Million People on Street,” Huffington Post, October 8, 2009, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/08/stop-and-frisk-police-sto_n_314509.html.
9. Bob Herbert, “The Shame of New York,” New York Times, October 29, 2010.
10. Ibid.
11. Griffin interview. Griffin volunteered this information shortly after seeing yet another instance of the standard episode he described.
12. Stories about Schoolcraft first appeared in the Village Voice; later the New York dailies published many stories of their own. See Jim Dwyer, “An Officer Had Backup: Secret Tapes,” New York Times, March 13, 2012.
13. Graham Rayman, “New Evidence Emerges about Police Downgrading of Crimes,” Village Voice, September 18, 2012.
14. Graham Rayman, “For Detained Whistle-Blower, a Hospital Bill, Not an Apology,” New York Times, March 15, 2012.
15. Al Baker and Ray Rivera, “5 Officers Face Charges in Fudging of Statistics,” New York Times, October 15, 2012.
16. Michael Gerson, “The Overlooked Plight of Black Males,” Washington Post, December 13, 2012.
17. Bruce Western, Punishment and Inequality in America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007).
18. Jill K. Doerner and Stephen Demuth, “The Independent and Joint Effects of Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Age on Sentencing Outcomes in U.S. Federal Courts,” Justice Quarterly, January 2010, 1–27.
19. Erik Eckholm, “Plight Deepens for Black Men, Studies Warn,” New York Times, March 20, 2006.
19. “THE FUTURE”
1. Leo Tolstoy, Resurrection (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009), 529.
2. FAMM, “What the Experts Say.”
3. Human Rights Watch, Old Behind Bars: The Aging Prison Population in the United States (New York, January 28, 2012), http://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/01/27/old-behind-bars.
4. Ibid.
5. See Del Barco, “L.A.’s Homicide Rate Lowest in Four Decades.”
6. Lisa Lambert, “Cost of Locking up Americans Too High: Pew Study,” Reuters, March 2, 2009, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2009/03/02/usa-prisons-idUKN0240756920090302.
7. “State Lawmakers Look to Texas for Prison Advice,” Associated Press, January 24, 2011.
8. Travis Pillow, “Prison Reform Proposals Prompt Political Fears,” Florida Independent, January 26, 2011.
9. See Florida Parole Commission statement on parole and post release at https://fpc.state.fl.us/Parole.htm.
10. Ibid.
11. Jack Dolan, “No New Taxes for Prisons, Residents Say,” Los Angeles Times, July 21, 2011.
12. Carla Rivera, “State College System Said to Be on Decline,” Los Angeles Times, July 21, 2011.
13. Paula Smith, Claire Goggin, and Paul Gendreau, The Effects of Prison Sentences and Intermediate Sanctions on Recidivism: General Effects and Individual Differences (Gatineau, QC: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2002), http://www.ccoso.org/library%20articles/200201_Gendreau_e.pdf.
14. Alix Spiegel, “What Vietnam Taught Us about Breaking Bad Habits,” Morning Edition, NPR, January 2, 2012.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Alan B. Krueger, “Economic Scene: A Study Backs Up What George Foreman Already Said: The Job Corps Works,” New York Times, March 30, 2000.
18. Mathematica Policy Research, “Does Job Corps Work? An Update,” March, 24, 2013, http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/labor/jobcorps.asp.
19. Nick McCrea, “Maine Job Corps Centers Stop Taking New Students after Enrollment Freeze,” Bangor Daily News, February 20, 2013.
20. See Glenn Greenwald, Drug Decriminalization in Portugaclass="underline" Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2009).
21. “Independent Committee on Reentry and Employment Report and Recommendations to New York State on Enhancing Employment Opportunities for Formerly Incarcerated People,” November 2006, http://sentencing.nj.gov/downloads/pdf/articles/2006/Nov2006/document03.pdf.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACLU. In for a Penny: The Rise of America’s New Debtors’ Prisons. New York, October 2010, http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/InForAPenny_web.pdf.
American Civil Liberties Union. Banking on Bondage: Private Prisons and Mass Incarceration. New York, November 2011, www.aclu.org/files/assets/bankingonbondage_20111102.pdf.
Anderson, David C. Sensible Justice: Alternatives to Prison. New York: New Press, 1998.
Bales, William, et al. Recidivism: An Analysis of Public and Private State Prison Releases in Florida. Tallahassee: Florida State University, Florida Department of Corrections, Correctional Privatization Commission, December 2003.
Blackmon, Douglas A. Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II. New York: Anchor Books, 2008.
Boothe, Demico. Why Are So Many Black Men in Prison? A Comprehensive Account of How and Why the Prison Industry Has Become a Predatory Entity in the Lives of African-American Men. Memphis: Full Surface Publishing, 2007.
Burton-Rose, Daniel, and Paul Wright. The Celling of America: An Inside Look at the US Prison Industry. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2002.