36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Nicholson, interview.
41. Yermolai Solzhenitsyn, letter.
42. Ibid.
43. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, letter.
44. Doctor Michael Nicholson, “Solzhenitsyn as ‘Socialist Realist’”, in In the Party Spirit: Socialist Realism and Literary Practice in the Soviet Union, East Germany and China, ed. Hilary Chung (Amsterdam and Atlanta, Ga.: Rodopi, 1996), p. 68.
45. Quoted in ibid.
Chapter Twenty
1. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, speech given in Moscow at the unveiling of a statue in honor of Anton Chekhov, Oct. 26, 1998; translated for the author by Ignat Solzhenitsyn from his father’s notes.
2. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, conversation with the author, Nov. 1998.
3. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.
4. Ibid. Unless otherwise specified, all other quotes by Solzhenitsyn in this chapter are from his interview with the author.
5. Doctor Michael Nicholson, interview with the author, Nov. 2, 1998, University College, Oxford.
6. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Cancer Ward (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968), p. 432.
7. J. R. R. Tolkien, The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays, ed. Christopher Tolkien (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1984), pp. 153-54; J. R. R. Tolkien, The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, ed. Humphrey Carpenter (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981), pp. 53-54.
8. Ibid.
Chapter Twenty-One
1. Quoted in Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1980), p. 538.
2. Quoted in ibid., p. 389.
3. A more thorough investigation of the range of criticism of Solzhenitsyn’s legacy can be found in Edward E. Ericson’s article in Modern Age, Spring 2002.
4. D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 449.
5. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Russia in Collapse (Moscow: Russkii put’, 2006). This book, sometimes referred to as Russia in the Abyss, has not yet been published in an English translation. The author is indebted to Ignat Solzhenitsyn for the translations in this chapter.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. ITAR-Tass news agency release, Apr. 8, 1999.
11. Reuters (US), June 3, 1999.
12. Pravda, Aug. 29, 2001.
13. Moscow Times, Dec. 14, 2000.
14. Pravda, Feb. 21, 2001.
15. Pravda, Apr. 26, 2001.
16. Pravda, Apr. 29, 2001.
17. Daniel J. Mahoney, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: The Ascent from Ideology (Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2001), p. 120.
18. CDI Russia Weekly (213), July 4, 2002, http://www.cdr.org/russia/213-4-pr.cfm (accessed on Aug. 1, 2005).
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Cathy Young, “Traditional Prejudices: The Anti-Semitism of Alexander Solzhenitsyn”, Reason, May 2004, http://www.reason.com.
22. The Guardian (England), Jan. 25, 2003.
23. Reason, Aug. / Sept. 2004, http://www.reason.com.
24. New Republic, Nov. 25, 2002.
25. The Guardian, Jan. 25, 2003.
26. National Review, June 6, 2003, http://www.nationalreview.com.
27. The transcript of this film documentary, made by “Island Studios” and broadcast by TV Channel Russia, was translated for the author by Yermolai Solzhenitsyn. All quotations in chapter 21 hereinafter are from that transcript.
Chapter Twenty-Two
1. Information Service of the Serbian Orthodox Church, http://www.spc.rs/Vesti-2004/u/18-u-04-e.html#ale (accessed on December 31, 2010).
2. Translated by Yermolai Solzhenitsyn.
3. Alexander Solzhenitsyn interview, Russia Channel 2, June, 2005.
4. Ibid.
5. Washington Times, July 31, 2005.
6. New York Times, Feb. 9, 2006.
7. Ibid.
8. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.
9. Ibid.
10. Doctor Michael Nicholson, “Solzhenitsyn, Exile and the Genius Loci”, unpublished manuscript.
11. Ibid.
12. Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author.
Chapter Twenty-Three
1. News articles published, respectively, on the website of BBC News, Apr. 28, 2006, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk/; on the website of Defense News, Apr. 27, 2006, http://www.defensenews.com; and on the English language website of Pravda, Apr. 28, 2006, http://www.english.pravda.ru/.
2. Moskovskiye Novosti, Apr. 28, 2006; the English language translation of the interview was posted on the Moscow News website on May 2, 2006, http://www.moscownews.com.
3. Ibid., This quote and all extracts between it and the one cited in note 2 are found in ibid.
4. Le Figaro, Dec. 1, 2006.
5. International Herald Tribune, Apr. 29, 2007.
6. Website of the Moscow Times, June 6, 2007, http://www.themoscowtimes.com.
7. Alexis Klimoff, e-mail to the author and others, June 12, 2007.
8. Daniel Mahoney, a speaker at the Solzhenitsyn conference, e-mail to the author and others, July 22, 2007.
9. Ibid.
10. Daily Telegraph, July 16, 2001.
11. Der Spiegel, June 23, 2007.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
Chapter Twenty-Four
1. “Vesti Nedeli”, Dec. 9, 2007, Rossiya Television network.
2. Daily Telegraph, Mar. 31, 2008.
3. Ibid.
4. Michael Nicholson, e-mail to the author and others, Aug. 11, 2008.
5. BBC News website, Aug. 18, 2008, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk.
6. Ibid.
7. New York Times, Sept. 25, 2008.
8. Ibid. It seems that the depiction of Solzhenitsyn as a “traitor” has wide currency among many Russians. This was driven home to the present author during a chance encounter with a young Russian expatriate at a sports event in Texas in July 2009. When asked what he thought of Solzhenitsyn, this young man replied that most people in Russia thought him a traitor.
9. Ibid.
10. RIA Novosti (Russian Information Agency Novosti) news dispatch, Aug. 3, 2009, http://www.en.rian.ru/.
11. President of Russia website, Aug. 3, 2009, http://www.Kremlin.ru.