Ādami, Christoph. Introduction to Artificial Life. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1998.
Bedau, Mark A., John S. McCaskill, Norman H. Packard, and Steen Rasmusscn. Artificial Life VII, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Life. Cam- bridgc, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000.
Bcntiey, Peter, cd. Evolutionary Design by Computcrs. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 1999.
Bonabeau, Eric, Marco Dorigo, and Guy Theraulaz. Swarm Intelligence: From Natūrai to Artificial Systems. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999.
Brams, Stevcn J. Theory ofMoves. Ncw York: Cambridgc Univ. Press, 1994.
Brooks, Rodney A. Cambrian Intelligence. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999.
Camazine, Scott, Jcan-Louis Deneubourg, Nigcl R. Franks, James Sneyd, Guy Thcraulaz, and Eric Bonabcau. Self-Organization in Biological Systems. Princeton, N.J.: Prin- ceton, 2001. (sevišķi 19. nodaļa).
Caro, T. M., and Clare D. Fitzgibbon. "Large Carnivo- res and Their Prey," in Cra\vley. Natūrai Enemies, 1992.
Crandall, B. C. "Molecular Engineering," in B. C. Cran- dall, ed., Nanotechnology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996.
Crawley, Michael J., cd. Natūrai Encmies: The Popula- tion Biolo(jy of Predators, Parasites, and Diseases. London: Blackvvell, 1992.
Dobson, Andrew P., Peter J. Hudson, and Annaric M. Lylcs. "Macroparasites," in Crawley, Natūrai Enemies, 1992.
Drexler, K. Eric. Nanosystems, Molecular Machinery, Ma- nufacturinjj, and Computation. New York: Wiley & Sons, 1992.
"Introduction to Nanotechnology,r> in Krummenackcr and Lewis, Prospects in Nanotechnology.
Ewald, Paul W. Evolution of Infectious Disease. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1994. Ferber, Jacques. Multi-Agent Systems: An Introduction to Distributed Artificial Inteliģence. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1999.
Goldberg, Dāvid E. Genetic Aļgorithms in Search, Opti- mization and Machine Learning. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1989.
Hassell, Michael P The Dynamics of Competition and Pre- dation. Institutc of Biolog)', Studies in Biology No. 72, London: Edward Arnold, 1976. I
Hassell, Michael P, and H. Charles J. Godfray. "The Po- pulation Biolog)' of Insect Parasitoids," in Crawlcy, Natūrai Enemies, 1992.
Holland, John H. Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus, 1996.
Koza, John R. "Artificial Life: Spontaneous Emergence of Self-Replicating and Evolutionary Self-Improving Computer Programs," in Langton, ed., Artificial Life III.
Kellv, Kevin. Out of Control. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus, 1994.
Kennedy, James, and Russell C. Eberhart. Swarm Intelli- gence. San Dicgo: Academic Press, 2001.
Kohlcr, Timothy A., and George J. Gumerman. Dyna- mics in Human and Primate Societies: Agent-Based Mode- ling ofSocial and Spatial Processes. Ncw York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2000.
Kortenkamp, Dāvid, R. Peter Bonasso, and Robin Murphy. Artificial Intellijjence and Mobile Robots. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998.
Krummcnacker, Markus, and James Lcwis, cds. Prospects in NanotechnoloЈiy: Toward Molecular Manufacturinjj. Ncw York: Wilcy 8c Sons, 1995.
Kruuk, Hans. The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behavior. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1972.
Langton, Christopher G., ed. Artificial Life. Santa Fc In- stitute Studics in thc Sciences of Complcxity, Proc. Vol. VI. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wcslcy, 1989.
Langton, Christopher G., Charles Taylor, J. Doyne Far- mcr, and Stecn Rasmusscn, eds. Artificial Life II. Santa Fe Institute Studics in the Sciences of Complexity, Proc. Vol. X. Redwood City, Calif.: Addison-Wesley, 1992.
Langton, Christopher G., ed. Artificial Life III. Santa Fe Institute Studics in the Sciences of Complcxity, Proc. Vol. XVII Reading, Mass.: Addison-Weslcy, 1994.
Levy, Steven. Artificial Life. New York: Pantheon, 1992.
Lyshevski, Sergey Edward. Nano- and Micro-electromec- hanical Systems: Fundamentāls of Nano- and Microenginee- ring. New York: CRC Press, 2001.
Millonas, Mark M. "Swarms, Phase Transitions, and Col- lecdvc Intelligence," in Langton, cd., Artificial Life III.
Mitchell, Melanic. An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996.
Nishimura, Shin I. "Studying Attention Dynamics of a Predator in a Prcy-Predator System," in Bedau et al., Artificial Life VII.
Nishimura, Shin I., and Takashi Ikegami. "Emcrgcncc of Collective Strategies in a Prey-Predator Game Modei." Artificial Life, V. 3, no. 4, 1997, p. 423 ff.
Nolfi, Stefano. "Coevolving Predator and Prey Robots: Do 'Arms Raccs' Arise in Artificial Evoludon?" Artificial Life, Fall 98, V. 4, 1998, p. 311 ff.
Nolfi, Stefano, and Dario Florcano. Evolutionary Robo- tics: The Biology, Intelligence, and Technology of Self-Orga- nizing Machines. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000.
Rcggia, James A., Reincr Schulz, Gcrald S. Wilkinson, and Juan Uriagereka. "Conditions Enabling the Evolution of Intcr-Agent Signaling in an Artificial VVorld." Artificial Life, V 7,2001, p. 3.
Reynolds, Craig R. "An Evolved, Vision-Based Modei of Obstaclc Avoidancc Behavior," in Langton, ed., Artificial Life III.
Schelling, Thomas C. Micromotives and Mac-robehavior. New York: Norton, 1978.
Solem, Johndale C. "The Motility of Microrobots," in Langton, ct al., Artificial Life III.
VVooldridge, Michael. Reasoning About Rational Aģents. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000.
Yaeger, Larry. "Computational Gcnetics, Physiology, Me- tabolism, Ncural Systcms, Learning, Vision, and Bchavior or PolyWorld: Life in a New Contcxt," in Langton, ed., Arti- ftcial Life III.
People
KOMENTĀRI
Sī nedrošība ir raksturīga visām sarežģītām sistēmām, cilvēku radītās sistēmas ieskaitot. Pēc tam, kad vienas dienas laikā 1987. gada oktobrī ASV akciju tirgus nokritās par 22 procentiem, tika ieviesti jauni noteikumi, lai novērstu šādus pēkšņus kritumus. Taču iepriekš nav iespējams zināt, vai šie noteikumi vairos stabilitāti, vai ari padarīs situāciju vēl ļaunāku. Kā raksta Džons L. Kesti: "So noteikumu ieviešana vienkārši bija aprēķināts risks no Biržas vadības puses." Sk. Kesti ļoti saprotami uzrakstīto grāmatu "Iespējamās pasaules" ("Would-be Worldsv, New Tork, Willey, 1997) 80. lpp. un tālāk.
Vienīgie dzīvnieki, kuru spēja sevi apzināties pārliecinoši demonstrēta, ir cilvēki, šimpanzes un orangutani. Pretēji plaši izplatītajam uzskatam, apgalvojumi, ka apziņa piemītot arī citiem dzīvniekiem, piemēram, delfīniem un pērtiķiem, nav neapstrīdami pierādīti.
Jackson, R. J.,A. J. Ramsay, C. D. Christensen, S. Bea- ton, D. F. Hall and I. A. Ramshaw. 2001. aExpression of Mouse Interleukin-4 by a Re-combinant Ectromelia Virus Suppresses Cytolitic Lymphocyte Responses and Overcomes Genetic Resis- tance to Mouscpox."Journal of'Virologv 75:125-1210.
Feynman, R. R, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom". Eng. and Sci. 23 (1960), p. 22.
Farmer, J. Doyne, Aletta D' A. Belin, "Artificial Life: The Corning Evolution", in "Artificial Life II," edited by C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, and S. Rasmusscn. Santa Fe Institute Studics in the Sciences of Complexity, Proc. Vol. X, Redwood City, Calif: Addison-Wesley, 1992, p. 815.
K. Eric Drexlcr, aIntroduction to Nanotechnologyin "Prospects in Nanotechnology: Toward Molccular Manufactu- ring" (Proceedings of the First General Confcrencc on Nano- technology: Development, Applications and Opportunities), edited by Markus Krummenacker and James l.nvis, Nav Tork: Wiley& Sons, 1995, p. 21.
ATF - adenozīna trifosfats.
Mcja-tais - kokteilis: rums, kirasao un augļu sula.