Attorneys Mark Zaid and Bradley Moss for their help with filing the FOIA requests, which became an integral part of the book.
All of Gary’s Cal Nu fraternity brothers (1983–1987) who helped him to come out of his shell.
Keith thanks his brothers—Bill, Tom, Ron, and Jim—and various other family members and friends for their support of this project, with a special thanks to his beloved mother, who encouraged it for years but passed away before getting to see it published.
We are sure that we have left off some names of individuals to whom we are indebted for their help and support over the years. We thank you too.
The published record concerning the U-2 Incident and various parts of the story is extensive, and we benefited from a significant amount of outstanding newspaper, magazine, and book journalism, which helped us understand the players, the times, the technology, and the controversy.
Specific quotations are listed in the notes, but several books were especially helpful, including Operation Overflight, by Francis Gary Powers with Curt Gentry; Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair, by Michael R. Beschloss; Strangers on a Bridge, by James B. Donovan; The Craft of Intelligence, by Allen W. Dulles; The U-2 Spyplane, by Chris Pocock; Kelly: More Than My Share of It All, by Clarence L. “Kelly” Johnson with Maggie Smith; Reflections of a Cold Warrior, by Richard M. Bissell Jr. with Jonathan E. Lewis and Frances T. Pudlo; The Brothers, by Stephen Kinzer; Skunk Works, by Ben Rich and Leo Janos; Eisenhower: Soldier and President, by Stephen E. Ambrose; Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 3, edited by Sergei Khrushchev; and The Crisis Years, by Michael R. Beschloss.
LIST OF INTERVIEWS CONDUCTED BY KEITH DUNNAVANT
Gary Powers Jr. (In person, telephone, and email) — Multiple, 2013–2018
Harry Andonian (Telephone) — August 18, 2016
T. D. Barnes (In person) — October 7, 2015
Betty George Baugh (In person) — April 26, 2018
Michael Betterton (In person) — October 7, 2015
Tony Bevacqua (In person) — October 6, 2015
John Birdseye (Telephone) — September 4, 2018
David Boyd (In person) — January 12, 2018
Liz Boyd (Telephone) — November 12, 2017
Kenneth Bradt (Telephone) — March 26, 2018
Buz Carpenter (Telephone) — February 12, 2017
Chris Conrad (Telephone) — March 2 and 4, 2018
Robert Conrad (Telephone) — June 5, 2018
Frank Cruz (Telephone) — August 9, 2018
Johnny Estep (In person) — February 17, 2015
Mary Finch (Telephone) — October 18, 2016
Bob Gilliland (In person) — April 14, 2015
Jack Goff (In person) — March 12, 2016
Jim Herbert (Telephone) — August 7, 2018
Deborah Jaffe (Telephone) — May 22, 2018
Steve Justice (In person) — February 2, 2018
Bob Kallos (Telephone) — March 4, 2018
Sergei Khrushchev (Telephone) — April 14, 2018
Jake Kratt (Telephone) — November 14, 2017
Pete Law (Telephone) — July 22, 2017
Walton Meade (In person) — March 12, 2016
Chris Means (Telephone) — March 1, 2018
Joe Murphy (Telephone) — April 2, 2018
Carol Osborne (Telephone) — September 12, 2018
Elizabeth Overstreet (Telephone) — April 11, 2018
Joe Patterson (Telephone) — March 1, 2018
Norman Polmar (Telephone) — September 27, 2018
Jeannie Popovich Walls (Email) — March 5–May 13, 2018
Dee Powers (Telephone) — April 10, 2018
Jan Powers Melvin (Telephone) — April 6, 2018
Jennifer Powers (In person and email) — Multiple, 2014–2018
Joan Powers Meade (In person) — March 12, 2016
Rosa Anne Speranza (Telephone) — April 11, 2018
Jon Teperson (Email) — July 10, 2018
Trisha Thompson (In person) — April 26, 2018
Svetlana Tumanov (Email) — March 30–April 16, 2018
NOTES
CHAPTER ONE: THE RESTLESS HEART
1. Francis Gary Powers and Curt Gentry, Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), p. 4.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Personal tapes of Francis Gary Powers, 1969.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Winston Skinner, “The Marriage of U-2 Spy Pilot,” Newnan-Coweta Magazine, September/October 2011, pp. 78–79.
CHAPTER TWO: OPEN SKIES
1. Evan Thomas, “Spymaster Generaclass="underline" The Adventures of Wild Bill Donovan and the “Oh So Social” O.S.S.,” Vanity Fair, March 2011, https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2011/03/wild-bill-donovan201103.
2. Stephen Kinzer, The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (New York: St. Martin’s, 2013), p. 1.
3. Michael R. Beschloss, Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), p. 126.
4. Allen W. Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2016), pp. 157–58.
5. Ibid., p. 194.
6. Nikita Khrushchev, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 3, ed. Sergei Khrushchev (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, Thomas J. Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University, 2013), p. 241.
7. Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Solider and President (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 378.
8. Clifford Johnson, in video interview with Carol Osborne, June 6, 1993.
9. Clarence L. “Kelly” Johnson with Maggie Smith, Kelly: More than My Share of It All (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985), p. 97.
10. Tony LeVier, in video interview with Carol Osborne, September 18, 1982.
11. Johnson with Smith, Kelly.
12. Chris Pocock, The U-2 Spyplane: Toward the Unknown (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History, 2000), p. 9.
13. Ibid., pp. 9–10.
14. Clarence L. “Kelly” Johnson, Skunk Works Program Log, Project X, December 1953.
15. Ibid., December 19, 1954.
16. Ibid.
17. Pocock, U-2 Spyplane, p. 27.
18. Johnson, Skunk Works Log, April 13, 1955.
19. Richard M. Bissell Jr., with Jonathan E. Lewis and Francis T. Pudlo, Reflections of a Cold Warrior (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 23.
20. Nick Sabides Jr., “A Spymaster’s Son, Bangor Man Seeks Traces of His CIA Dad,” Bangor Daily News, August 25, 2013.
21. Johnson, Skunk Works Log, July 15, 1955.
22. Bissell with Lewis and Pudlo, Reflections, p. 99.
23. Ben R. Rich and Leo Janos, Skunk Works (New York: Little, Brown, 1994), p. 134.
24. Ibid., p. 135.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., p. 140.
27. Francis Gary Powers and Curt Gentry, Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), p. xi.