28. Ibid., p. xii.
29. Ibid., p. xiv.
30. Bissell with Lewis and Pudlo, Reflections, p. 107.
31. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 10.
32. Personal tapes of Francis Gary Powers, 1969.
33. “Eisenhower Presents His ‘Open Skies’ Plan,” History.com, last updated August 21, 2018, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/eisenhower-presents-his-open-skies-plan.
34. Johnson, Skunk Works Log, May 3, 1956.
35. Pocock, U-2 Spyplane.
36. Rich and Janos, Skunk Works, p. 146.
37. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. xv.
38. Beschloss, Mayday, pp. 136–39; Ambrose, Eisenhower, pp. 424–26; Pocock, U-2 Spyplane, pp. 54–56.
39. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 39.
40. James B. Donovan, Strangers on a Bridge (New York: Atheneum, 1964), p. 189.
41. Ibid., p. 260.
42. Kurt Loft, “Sputnik Began Space Race 40 Years Ago,” Tampa Tribune, October 4, 1997, p. 1.
43. Carl Nolte, “Warm Welcome during Cold War,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 26, 1990, p. C9.
44. Pocock, U-2 Spyplane, p. 160.
45. Dulles, Craft, p. 195.
46. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 57.
CHAPTER THREE: MAYDAY
1. The Last Overflights of the Soviet Union, 1959–60 (Washington, DC: National Security Agency Report, June 25, 2013), chap. 4, p. 170.
2. Nikita Khrushchev, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 3, ed. Sergei Khrushchev (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, Thomas J. Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University, 2013), pp. 236–37.
3. George B. Kistiakowsky, A Scientist at the White House (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), p. 328.
4. Richard M. Bissell Jr., with Jonathan E. Lewis and Francis T. Pudlo, Reflections of a Cold Warrior (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 121.
5. Chris Pocock, The U-2 Spyplane: Toward the Unknown (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History, 2000), p. 167.
6. Francis Gary Powers and Curt Gentry, Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), p. 49.
7. Last Overflights.
8. Personal tapes of Francis Gary Powers, 1969.
9. Bissell with Lewis and Pudlo, Reflections, p. 124.
10. Last Overflights, chap. 4, pp. 175–76.
11. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 57.
12. Bissell with Lewis and Pudlo, Reflections, p. 126.
13. Michael R. Beschloss, Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), p. 33.
14. Bissell with Lewis and Pudlo, Reflections, p. 126–27.
15. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 59.
16. Khrushchev, Memoirs, p. 237.
17. Ibid., pp. 237–38.
18. Ibid.
19. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 60.
20. Ibid., p. 61.
21. Pocock, U-2 Spyplane, p. 55.
22. Clarence L. “Kelly” Johnson, Skunk Works Program Log, Project X, December 17, 1956.
23. Pocock, U-2 Spyplane, p. 64.
24. Johnson, Skunk Works Program Log.
25. Ibid., November 17, 1955.
26. Pocock, U-2 Spyplane, p. 34.
27. Powers tapes.
28. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 67.
29. Powers tapes.
30. Ibid.
31. David Wise and Thomas Ross, magazine excerpt from The U-2 Affair (New York: Random House, 1962).
32. Powers tapes.
33. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, pp. 69–70.
34. Powers tapes.
35. Wise and Ross, U-2 Affair.
36. Khrushchev, Memoirs, pp. 237–38.
37. Ibid., p. 238.
38. Powers tapes.
39. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 73.
40. Powers tapes.
41. Ibid.
42. The May Day 1960 Incident (Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency Report), p. 2.
43. Bissell with Lewis and Pudlo, Reflections, p. 127.
44. Ibid., p. 127.
45. Ibid., p. 128.
46. Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Solider and President (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 508.
47. May Day Incident, p. 4.
48. Beschloss, Mayday, p. 38.
49. May Day Incident, p. 6.
50. Ibid., p. 7.
51. Beschloss, Mayday, p. 39.
52. Khrushchev, Memoirs, p. 239.
53. Associated Press, “Reds Say They Shot Down U.S. Plane,” Washington Daily News, May 5, 1960, p. A1.
54. May Day Incident, p. 7.
55. Ibid., p. 8.
56. Ibid., p. 9.
57. Powers tapes.
58. Ibid.
59. May Day Incident, p. 33.
60. Ibid.
61. David Wise, “The Russian Behind the Downing of Powers’ U-2,” Los Angeles Times, April 30, 1995, p. 18.
62. Osgood Caruthers, “Khrushchev Charges Jet Was 1,200 Miles from the Border,” New York Times, May 8, 1960, p. A1.
63. Beschloss, Mayday, p. 243.
64. Ambrose, Eisenhower, p. 511.
65. Ibid., p. 512.
66. Staff, “The Nation: Summit and Consequences,” Time, May 30, 1960, p. 18.
67. James Reston, “What Kind of President Do You Want? III,” New York Times, May 11, 1960, p. 38.
68. Editorial, Toledo Blade, May 10, 1960.
69. Editorial board, “Crisis in the Cold War,” New York Times, May 8, 1960, p. 28.
70. Ambrose, Eisenhower, p. 509.
71. Powers tapes.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.
74. Ovid Demaris, “Going to See Gary,” Esquire, May 1966, p. 90.
75. Ibid., p. 91.
76. Staff, “Nation.”
77. A. M. Rosenthal, “3 Leaders Fly from Wreckage of Summit,” New York Times, May 20, 1960, p. 4.
78. Allen W. Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2016), p. 195.
79. Demaris, “Going to See Gary,” p. 92.
80. Dr. James Baugh, unpublished manuscript, 1960–62. Reprinted with the permission of Baugh family.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. Associated Press, “U-2 Pilot Urges Wife to Visit Him in Moscow,” New York Times, June 15, 1960.
84. Associated Press, “U-2 Pilot Denies He Spied,” New York Times, May 10, 1960, p. 1.
85. Baugh, manuscript.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Richmond Times-Dispatch, May 11, 1960.
89. Oliver Powers, letter to Nikita Khrushchev, May 10, 1960. Powers Family Archives.