SDFP: Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, ed. Jane Degras (New York, 1978)
Stalin Correspondence: Correspondence Between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidents of the USA and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain During the Great Patriotic War (Moscow, 1957)
Stalin, Sochineniia: J. V. Stalin, Sochineniia (Moscow, 1952ff.), the complete collected works in Russian
Notes
Note on Russian dates used in the text: Prior to February 1918, Russia used the Julian calendar (or “Old Style”), which was twelve days behind the Western calendar in the nineteenth century and thirteen days behind it in the twentieth century. January 31, 1918, was the last day of the Julian calendar in Russia, with the next day becoming February 14.
INTRODUCTION
1. Speech, Jan. 28, 1924, in Stalin, Sochineniia, 6:53. It was issued illegally in Siberia in June 1903 and published in 1904. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 7:5–25.
2. The classic study, analyzing all the evidence, is Simon Sebag Montefiore, Young Stalin (New York, 2007), 90–91, 113, 151, 163, 210–11.
3. See Erik van Ree, “Reluctant Terrorists? Transcaucasian Social-Democracy, 1901–1908,” Europe-Asia Studies (2008), 127–54.
4. Donald Rayfield, Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him (New York, 2004), 44.
5. K. E. Voroshilov, Stalin i krasnaya armiya (Moscow, 1939), 11–12, cites the account of an “enemy,” Colonel Nosovich, Donskaia volna (Feb. 3, 1919); V. L. Goncharov, Vozvyshenie Stalina: oborona Tsaritsyna (Moscow, 2010).
6. Jörg Baberowski, Verbrannte Erde: Stalins Herrschaft der Gewalt (Munich, 2012), 15–16, 29, 109, 131, 307.
7. Maurice Meisner, Mao’s China and After: A History of the People’s Republic, 3rd ed. (New York, 1999), 103; more generally see Vladimir Tismaneanu, The Devil in History: Communism, Fascism, and Some Lessons of the Twentieth Century (Berkeley, Calif., 2012).
8. For his speech to the Third International, Mar. 6, 1919, see Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 37:515–20; for the national revolutions, see Geoffrey Hosking, The Russians in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, Mass., 2006), 70–89; Robert Service, Russia: Experiment with a People (Cambridge, Mass., 2003), 30–44.
9. Quoted in Erik van Ree, The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin: A Study in Twentieth-Century Revolutionary Patriotism (New York, 2002), 209.
10. Kennan to Secretary of State, Feb. 22, 1946, in FRUS, 1946, Eastern Europe; the Soviet Union, 6:696–709; reprinted as X, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” Foreign Affairs (July 1947), 566–82. For a recent reiteration of Stalin as heir to the tsars, see Marc Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement (Princeton, N.J., 1999), 19.
11. Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Association (Chicago, 1988), 445–57.
12. See the instructive Louis Menand, “Getting Reaclass="underline" George F. Kennan’s Cold War,” New Yorker (Nov. 14, 2011), 76–83.
13. HIA, Russian Subject Collection, Box 13, Folder 11.
14. See Jan Plamper, The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power (New Haven, Conn., 2012), 29–74.
15. See William A. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1959), 206–7. For more recent variations, see Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–2002, 9th ed. (Boston, 2002), 22; and Campbell Craig and Sergey Radchenko, The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War (New Haven, Conn., 2008), xv.
16. Wilfred Loth, The Division of the World, 1941–1955 (New York, 1988), 306–7.
17. See Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 (New Haven, Conn., 2006), 253. For the same argument, see Loth, Division of the World, 171, 308.
18. See Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, Mass., 1996); and Vladislav M. Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2007).
19. Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York, 1973), 210.
20. Field-Marshal Sir Alan Brooke, quoted in David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938–1945 (New York, 1972), 582.
21. Robert A. Nisbet, Roosevelt and Stalin: The Failed Courtship (Washington, D.C, 1988). For a magisterial survey, see Jonathan Haslam, Russia’s Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall (New Haven, Conn., 2011).
22. David Reynolds, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War (London, 2004), 486.
23. Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times (New York, 2005), 48.
24. Jörg Baberowski and Anselm Doering-Manteuffel, “The Quest for Order and the Pursuit of Terror: National Socialist Germany and the Stalinist Soviet Union as Multiethnic Empires,” in Michael Geyer and Sheila Fitzpatrick, eds., Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared (New York, 2009), 204.
25. Ronald Grigor Suny and Terry Martin, eds., A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin (New York, 2001), 8; and Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca, N.Y., 2001). Also useful is Yuri Slezkine, “The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism,” Slavic Review (1994), 414–52.
26. Maxim Gorky, Untimely Thoughts: Essays on Revolution, Culture, and the Bolsheviks, 1917–1918 (New Haven, Conn., 1995).
27. Jan Gross, Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland’s Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia (Princeton, N.J., 2002).
28. For a Russian perspective, see T. V. Volokitina et al., Moskva i Vostochnaia Evropa: stanovlenie politicheskikh rezhimov sovetskogo tipa, 1949–1953: ocherki istorii (Moscow, 2002), 1–30, and L. Y. Gibiansky, “Problemii Vostochnoi Evropii i nachalo formiprovania miprovania sovetskogo bloka,” in N. I. Egorova and A. O. Chubarian, eds., Kholodnaia voina, 1945–1963 gg.: Istoricheskaia retrospektiva. Sbornik statei (Moscow, 2003), 104–31.
29. V. K. Volkov and L. Ia. Gibianskii, “Na poroge pervogo raskola v sotsialisticheskom lagere: Peregovori rykovodiashikh deiatelei SSSR, Bolgarii i Iogoslavii 1948 r.,” Istoricheskii arkhiv (1997), 92–123.
30. Balázs Apor, Péter Apor, and E. A. Rees, eds., The Sovietization of Eastern Europe: New Perspectives on the Postwar Period (Washington, D.C., 2008).
31. John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York, 1997), 33.
32. See, e.g., Moscow meeting, Jan. 9–12, 1951, in N. I. Egorova, “Voenno-politicheskaya integratsia stran Zapada i reaktsiya SSSR (1947–1953),” in Egorova and Chubarian, Kholodnaia voina, 200–2.