33. Gaddis, We Now Know, 281–95.
34. For an overview, see Caroline Kennedy-Pope, The Origins of the Cold War (London, 2007).
35. Roberts, Stalin’s Wars, xii.
36. V. F. Zima, Golod v SSSR 1946–1947 godov: Proiskhozdenie i posledstviia (Moscow, 1996), 179.
37. See the evidence cited in Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York, 2005), 89.
38. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (New York, 2010), and Norman M. Naimark, Stalin’s Genocides (Princeton, N.J., 2010).
39. The best recent biographies are Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (New York, 2004); Robert Service, Stalin: A Biography (London, 2004); and Hiroaki Kuromiya, Stalin (New York, 2005). The classic Russian account is Dmitri Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediya. Politichesky portret J. V. Stalina, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1989).
40. Valintin M. Berezhkov, Kak ya stal perevodchikom Stalin (Moscow, 1993), 312.
41. Anthony Eden, The Reckoning: The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon (Boston, 1965), 595. For a similar view, see W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York, 1975), 536.
42. Vladimir Tismăneanu, “Diabolical Pedagogy and the (Il)logic of Stalinism in Eastern Europe,” in Vladimir Tismăneanu, ed., Stalinism Revisited: The Establishment of Communist Regimes in East-Central Europe (New York, 2009), 46.
43. Alexander Yakovlev, The Fate of Marxism in Russia (New Haven, Conn., 1993), 191–92.
44. For an interesting perspective, see Stephen Kotkin, Uncivil Society: 1989 and the Implosion of the Communist Establishment (New York, 2009).
CHAPTER 1. MAKING THE STALINIST REVOLUTION
1. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 45:343–48.
2. For an insider’s account, see Boris Bazhanov, Vospominaniia byvshevgo sekretaria Stalina (Paris, 1980), chaps. 2 and 3.
3. Robert Service, Trotsky: A Biography (Cambridge, Mass., 2009), 307–12.
4. Ibid., 326–27.
5. Stephen F. Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888–1938 (New York, 1974), 228.
6. Mark Harrison, “Why Did NEP Fail?,” Economics of Planning (1980), 57–67; Paul R. Gregory, The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives (New York, 2004), 29.
7. Erik van Ree, “Socialism in One Country Before Stalin: German Origins,” Journal of Political Ideologies (2010), 143–59.
8. Letter, Jan. 25, 1925, in Stalin, Sochineniia, 7:15–18.
9. XIV sezd vsesoiuznoi kommunisticheskoi partii (b). 18–31 dekabria 1925 g.: stenograficheskii otchet (Moscow, 1926), 55.
10. Stalin speeches, Jan. 1928, in Stalin, Sochineniia, 11:1–9.
11. For the reports, see Lynne Viola et al., eds., The War Against the Peasantry, 1927–1930: The Tragedy of the Soviet Countryside (New Haven, Conn., 2005), 69–75.
12. Speech, Plenum of the CPSU, July 9, 1928, in Stalin, Sochineniia, 11:158–59.
13. Robert V. Daniels, ed., A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev (Hanover, N.H., 1993), 139–41.
14. CC plenum, Apr. 16–23, 1929, in Stalin, Sochineniia, 12:31–38.
15. Bukharin at Apr. 1929 plenum, quoted in Anna Larina, This I Cannot Forget: The Memoirs of Nikolai Bukharin’s Widow (New York, 1994), 290.
16. Alec Nove, An Economic History of the USSR, rev. ed. (London, 1990), 137.
17. Stalin to Molotov, Aug. 10, 1929, in Pisma I. V. Stalina V.M. Molotovu, 1925–1936 gg.: Sbornik dokumentov (Moscow, 1995), 141–43.
18. Jörg Baberowski, Der Rote Terror: Die Geschichte des Stalinismus (Munich, 2003), 58–61.
19. Stalin, Sochineniia, 12:118–35.
20. Moshe Lewin, Russian Peasants and Soviet Power: A Study of Collectivization (New York, 1968), 241.
21. Viola et al., War Against the Peasantry, 367–69.
22. Stalin, Sochineniia, 12:166–67.
23. Politburo decree, Jan. 30, 1930, in Viola et al., War Against the Peasantry, 228–34.
24. Yagoda memorandum, Jan. 24, 1930, ibid., 237–38.
25. Orlando Figes, The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin’s Russia (London, 2007), 86–87.
26. Nicolas Werth, Cannibal Island: Death in a Siberian Gulag (Princeton, N.J., 2007).
27. Lynne Viola, The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin’s Special Settlements (New York, 2007), 196, table 2.
28. Oleg W. Chlewnjuk (a.k.a. Oleg V. Khlevnyuk), Das Politbüro: Mechanismen der Macht in der Sowjetunion der dreissiger Jahre (Hamburg, 1998), 84–90.
29. Stalin to Kaganovich, June 18, 1932, in O. V. Khlevniuk et al., eds., Stalin i Kaganovich perepiska 1931–1936 gg. (Moscow, 2001), 179–80.
30. Stalin to Kaganovich, July 25, 1932, ibid., 244–45.
31. GARF, f. 9474, op. 1, d. 76, l, 118; d. 83, l, 5; Law (Aug. 7, 1932).
32. Stalin to Kaganovich and Molotov, prior to July 24, 1932, in Khlevniuk et al., Stalin i Kaganovich perepiska, 240–41.
33. Stalin to Kaganovich, ibid., 273–74.
34. Lev Kopelev, The Education of a True Believer (New York, 1980), 235.
35. Nicolas Werth, “The Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33,” Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, http://www.massviolence.org/The-1932-1933-Great-Famine-in-Ukraine.
36. Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca, N.Y., 2001), 9–10; Jörg Baberowski, Der Feind ist überalclass="underline" Stalinismus im Kaukasus (Munich, 2003), 184–214.
37. Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 302–8.
38. Jörg Baberowski and Anselm Doering-Manteuffel, “The Quest for Order and the Pursuit of Terror: National Socialist Germany and the Stalinist Soviet Union as Multiethnic Empires,” in Michael Geyer and Sheila Fitzpatrick, eds., Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared (New York, 2009), 209–12.
39. Stalin, Sochineniia, 13:161–215.
40. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Stalin’s Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village After Collectivization (New York, 1994), 82.
41. Paul Hagenloh, Stalin’s Police: Public Order and Mass Repression in the USSR, 1926–1941 (Baltimore, 2009), 131; David R. Shearer, Policing Stalin’s Socialism: Repression and Social Order in the Soviet Union, 1924–1953 (New Haven, Conn., 2009), 21, 192–200, 256; and Gijs Kessler, “The Passport System and State Control over Population Flows in the Soviet Union, 1932–1940,” in Cahiers du Monde russe (Apr.–Dec. 2001), 483–84.