9. William Taubman, Khrushchev, the Man and His Era (New York, 2003), 99–122. Robert C. Tucker, Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941 (New York, 1990), 528.
10. Order, Sept. 13, 1937, APRF, f. 3, op. 24, d. 321, l. 68–69, See Jörg Baberowski, Der Rote Terror: Die Geschichte des Stalinismus (Munich, 2003), 135–208.
11. Evan Mawdsley and Stephen White, The Soviet Elite from Lenin to Gorbachev: The Central Committee and Its Members, 1917–1991 (Oxford, U.K., 2000), 74–76.
12. Beria to Stalin, Oct. 30, 1937, APRF, f. 3, op. 58, d. 212, l. 137–39.
13. Anna Larina, This I Cannot Forget: The Memoirs of Nikolai Bukharin’s Widow (New York, 1994), 198.
14. Stalin to Molotov, Oct. 23, 1930, in L. Kosheleva, et al., eds., Pisma J. V. Stalina V.M. Molotovu, 1925–1936 gg. Sbornik dokumentov (Moscow, 1995), 231.
15. That was the conclusion of KGB insider Pavel Sudoplatov and Anatoli Sudoplatov in Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness—A Soviet Spymaster (New York, 1994), chap. 5.
16. Vladimir Z. Rogovin, 1937 (Moscow, 1996), 344–51.
17. Speech, RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 1120, l. 28–57; Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (New York, 2004), 222–25.
18. Dmitri Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediya. Politichesky portret J. V. Stalina (Moscow, 1989), 1:2:276–77.
19. Marc Jansen and Nikita Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner: People’s Commissar Nikolai Ezhov (Stanford, Calif., 2002), 70; Sebag Montefiore, Stalin, 225–27; David M. Glantz, Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War (Lawrence, Kansas, 1998), 30–31.
20. Note, June 19, 1937, APRF, f. 3, op. 24, d. 309, l. 131–31.
21. Special report Beria and Yezhov, Oct. 14, 1938, APRF, f. 3, op. 24, d. 366, l. 78–79.
22. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d. 514, l. 14–17; Stalin, Sochineniia, 13:207, 210 (Jan. 7, 1933).
23. Jan. 7, 1933, in Stalin, Sochineniia, 13:207, 210.
24. For a quantitative study tracing the effects, see Evgenii V. Kodin, Repressirovannaia rossiiskaia provintsiia: Smolenshchina, 1917–1955 gg. (Moscow, 2011), 8–31.
25. APRF, f. 3, op. 58, d. 212, l. 55–78; also V. P. Danilov, R. T. Manning, and L. Viola, eds., Tragediia Sovetskoi derevni: Kollektivizatsiia i raskulachivanie: Dokumeny i materialy (Moscow, 1999–2006), 5:1:319.
26. Doc. 58 in S. V. Mironenko and N. Werth, eds., Istoriia stalinskogo Gulaga (Moscow, 2004), 1:268–75.
27. Doc. 24 in Richard Pipes, ed., The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive (New Haven, Conn., 1996), 50.
28. Rolf Binner and Marc Junge, “Wie der Terror ‘Gross’ wurde: Massenmord und Lagerhaft nach Befehl 00447,” in Cahiers du Monde Russe (2001), 557–614; and by the same authors, Kak Terror stal bolshim: Sekretnyi prikaz Nr. 00447 i tekhnologiia ego ispolneniia (Moscow, 2003).
29. Doc. 7, April 23, 1932, and doc. 9, May 7, in Andrei Artizov and Oleg Naumov, eds., Vlast i khudozhestvennaia intelligentsia: Dokumenty TsK RKP(b)-VKP(b),VChK-OGPU-NKVD o kulturnoi politike, 1917–1953 (Moscow, 1953), 172–76.
30. Golfo Alexopoulos, Stalin’s Outcasts: Aliens, Citizens, and the Soviet State, 1926–1936 (Ithaca, N.Y., 2003).
31. Chlewnjuk (a.k.a. Khlevnyuk), Das Politbüro, 246–302.
32. Doc. 59 in Mironenko and Werth, eds., Istoriia stalinskogo Gulaga, 1:275–77.
33. Doc. 60, ibid., 277–81; Jansen and Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner, 96–97.
34. Nikita Petrov and Arsenii Roginskii, “The ‘Polish Operation’ of the NKVD, 1937–8,” in Barry McLoughlin and Kevin McDermott, eds., Stalin’s Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union (New York, 2003), 168–69; Nicolas Werth, “The Mechanism of a Mass Crime: The Great Terror in the Soviet Union, 1937–1938,” in Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan, eds., The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, U.K., 2003), 237.
35. The Russian link to Stalin’s “lists” is http://stalin.memo.ru/spiski/index.htm.
36. Jansen and Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner, 99.
37. Ibid.; see also Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca, N.Y., 2001), 338.
38. Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 333–34.
39. For individuals caught in the trap (docs. 47–66), see William J. Chase, ed., Enemies Within the Gates: The Comintern and the Stalinist Repression, 1934–1939 (New Haven, Conn., 2001), 328–403.
40. Doc. 223 in Mironenko and Werth, Istoriia stalinskogo Gulaga, 1:609. See also Oleg V. Khlevniuk, The History of the Gulag: From Collectivization to the Great Terror (New Haven, Conn., 2004), 165–66. Nicolas Werth, “Les ‘Opérations de Masse’ de la ‘Grande Terreur’ en URSS (1937–1938),” Bulletin de l’Institut d’histoire du temps présent (2006), 6–167.
41. Dimitrov, Dnevnik, 60–61.
42. Meeting, Nov. 11, 1937, ibid., 165–66; emphasis in the original.
43. APRF, f. 3, op. 58, d. 6, l. 92–96.
44. Baberowski, Der Rote Terror, 174.
45. Feliks Ivanovich Chuev and Vyacheslav Molotov, Sto sorok besed s Molotovym: iz dnevnika F. Chueva (Moscow, 1991), 321, 416, 428.
46. Kaganovich interview, May 6, 1991, in Georgii A. Kumanev, Govoriat stalinskie narkomy: Vstrechi, besedy, interviu, dokumenty (Smolensk, 2005), 103–4; and Lazar M. Kaganovich, Pamiatnye zapiski: Rabochego, kommunista-bolshevika, profsoiuznogo, partinogo i sovetsko-gosudarstvennogo rabotnika (Moscow, 1996), 482–86.
47. Doc. 57 in Mironenko and Werth, Istoriia stalinskogo Gulaga, 1:267–68.
48. Werth, “Mechanism of a Mass Crime,” 232, 235.
49. See the statistics in Vadim Z. Rogovin, Partiia rasstreliannykh (Moscow, 1997), 243–47.
50. Stephen G. Wheatcroft, “From Team-Stalin to Degenerate Tyranny,” in E. A. Rees, ed., The Nature of Stalin’s Dictatorship: The Politburo, 1924–1953 (New York, 2004), 79–106.
51. Mother and son reunited in 1956 after a separation of nineteen years. Larina, This I Cannot Forget, 334.
52. Bukharin to Stalin, Dec. 10, 1937, in J. Arch Getty and Oleg V. Naumov, eds., The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939 (New Haven, Conn., 1999), 556–60.
CHAPTER 3. WAR AND ILLUSIONS
1. Speech to Central Committee plenum, Jan. 19, 1925, in Stalin, Sochineniia, 7:14. See also Andreas Hillgruber, Deutschlands Rolle in der Vorgeschichte der beiden Weltkriege, 2nd ed. (Göttingen, 1979), 97.
2. Speech, Oct. 1, 1938, in N. N. Maslov, “I. V. Stalin o ‘Kratkom kurse istorii VKP (b),’ ” Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 5 (1995), 13.
3. Speech, Mar. 10, 1939, in Stalin, Sochineniia, vol. 14, 296–97.
4. Izvestia, June 1, 1939.
5. Pravda, June 29, 1939, in SDFP, 3:352–54.