14. E. A. Rees, “Stalin as Leader, 1924–1937: From Oligarch to Dictator,” in E. A. Rees, ed., The Nature of Stalin’s Dictatorship: The Politburo, 1924–1953 (New York, 2004), 19–58.
15. Speech, Feb. 9, 1946, in Stalin, Sochineniia, 3:16, 6–11.
16. Lazar M. Kaganovich, Pamiatnye zapiski: Rabochego, kommunista-bolshevika, profsoiuznogo, partinogo i sovetsko-gosudarstvennogo rabotnika (Moscow, 1996), 536–38.
17. Pravda, Aug. 19, 1945.
18. Hiroaki Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror in the Donbas: A Ukrainian-Russian Borderland, 1870s–1990s (Cambridge, U.K., 1998), 303.
19. Dmitrii T. Shepilov, Neprimknushii (Moscow, 2001), 127–36; Ethan Pollock, Stalin and the Soviet Science Wars (Princeton, N.J., 2006), 41–55.
20. Jonathan Brent and Vladimir P. Naumov, Stalin’s Last Crime: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948–53 (New York, 2003), 49.
21. Pollock, Stalin and the Soviet Science Wars, 56–71.
22. Shepilov, Neprimknushii, chap. 6, 130.
23. Konstantin M. Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniia (Moscow, 1990), 160–61.
24. Another 69 accused and 145 relatives were either executed or given lengthy terms, and hundreds languished in jail. See Gorlizki and Khlevniuk, Cold Peace, 79–87, and Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (New York, 2004), 592–94. For later rehabilitation, see doc. 84, Dec. 10, 1953, S. N. Kruglov and I. A. Serov; and doc. 168, May 6, 1954, R. A. Rudenko, http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/db-docs/pages/5/searchstr=Peaбилитапия&topicId=0
25. Gorlizki and Khlevniuk, Cold Peace, 5.
26. Shepilov, Neprimknushii, 93.
27. Khrushchev, Memoirs, 2:115.
28. Aleksander Solzhenitsyn, In the First Circle (New York, 2009), 130.
29. Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (New York, 1962), 82.
30. Nikita S. Khrushchev, Memoirs, vol. 1: Commissar (University Park, Pa., 2004), 288–91.
31. March 14, in Stalin, Sochineniia, 16:25–30.
32. John Barber and Mark Harrison, “Patriotic War, 1941–1945,” in Ronald Grigor Suny, ed., The Cambridge History of Russia (Cambridge, U.K., 2006), 3:225.
33. Dmitri Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediya. Politichesky portret J. V. Stalina (Moscow, 1989), 2:2:26–27.
34. G. F. Krivosheev et. al., Rossiya i SSSR v voinakh XX veka. Poteri vooruzhennykh siclass="underline" Statisticheskoe issledovanie (Moscow, 2001), 229–37, table 120; also John Erickson, “Soviet War Losses: Calculations and Controversies,” in John Erickson and David Dilks, eds., Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies (Edinburgh, 1994), 255–77.
35. See Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, “Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: A Note,” Europe-Asia Studies (1994), 671–80; Mark Harrison, “Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: Comment,” Europe-Asia Studies (2003), 939–44.
36. See William Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction: The Food Supply in the USSR During World War II (New York, 1990), 236–39.
37. M. M. Zagorulko, ed., Voennoplennye v SSSR 1939–1956: dokumenty i materialy (Moscow, 2000), 25–59.
38. S. G. Wheatcroft and R. W. Davies, “Population,” in R.W. Davies, Mark Harrison, and S. G. Wheatcroft, eds., The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945 (Cambridge, U.K., 1994), 78.
39. Kees Boterbloem, Life and Death Under Stalin: Kalinin Province, 1945–1953 (Montreal and Kingston, 1999), 54.
40. Pravda, Nov. 6, 1945; and N. A. Voznesenskii, Voennaia ekonomika SSSR v period Otechestvennoi voiny (Moscow, 1947), 157–66.
41. Mark Harrison, Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defense Burden, 1940–1945 (New York, 2002), 164–65.
42. HP, Schedule A, vol. 17, case 332, male, 24, Ukrainian, no occupation.
43. HP, Schedule A, vol. 28, case 541, male, 25, Great Russian (prewar: student, then army).
44. Letters cited in Elena Zubkova, Russia After the War: Hopes, Illusions, and Disappointments, 1945–1957 (New York, 1998), 48–49.
45. Donald Filtzer, Soviet Workers and Late Stalinism: Labour and the Restoration of the Stalinist System After World War II (New York, 2002), 45–46.
46. V. F. Zima, Golod v SSSR 1946–1947 godov: proiskhozdenie i posledstviia (Moscow, 1996), 20.
47. Charles King, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture (Stanford, Calif., 1999), 96.
48. Jonathan Harris, The Split in Stalin’s Secretariat, 1939–1948 (Lanham, Md., 2008), 111.
49. Khrushchev, Memoirs, 2:7.
50. I. Y. Zelenin, Agrarnaya politika N. S. Khrushcheva i selskoye khozyaistvo (Moscow, 2001), 27.
51. Filtzer, Soviet Workers, 52, table 2.2.
52. See, e.g., woman’s case from Ukraine in 1946, doc. 217 in S. S. Vilensky et al., eds., Deti Gulaga 1918–1956 (Moscow, 2002), 376.
53. For a local perspective, see Boterbloem, Life and Death Under Stalin, 211–12; and Alec Nove, An Economic History of the USSR, new ed. (London, 1990), 289–90.
54. Zima, Golod v SSSR 1946–1947 godov, puts the deaths at two million (179). Michael Ellman, “The 1947 Soviet Famine and the Entitlement Approach to Famine,” in Cambridge Journal of Economics (2000), suggests a range of 1 to 1.5 million (603–30).
55. Zima, Golod v SSSR 1946–1947 godov, 149.
56. Zubkova, Russia After the War, 49.
57. Peter H. Solomon, Soviet Criminal Justice Under Stalin (Cambridge, U.K., 1996), 411–13.
58. Galina Mikhailovna Ivanova, Istoriia GULAGa, 1918–1958: sotsialno-ekonomicheskii i politiko-pravovoi aspekty (Moscow, 2006), 279–80.
59. V. N. Zemskov, “GULAG (Istoriko-sotsiologicheskii aspekt),” Sotsiologicheskii issledovaniya (1991), table 6, 10–27; table 7, 3–16.
60. Paul R. Gregory, Lenin’s Brain and Other Tales from the Secret Soviet Archives (Stanford, Calif., 2008), 99–102.
61. Yoram Gorlizki, “Rules, Incentives and Soviet Campaign Justice After World War II,” Europe-Asia Studies (1999), 1245–65.
62. Zubkova, Russia After the War, 54–55.
63. Also for what follows, see Filtzer, Soviet Workers, 77–116; and his “Standard of Living Versus Quality of Life: Struggling with the Urban Environment in Russia During the Early Years of Post-War Reconstruction,” in Juliane Fürst, ed., Late Stalinist Russia: Society Between Reconstruction and Reinvention (London, 2006), 81–102.