64. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (Oxford, U.K., 1999), 226–27.
65. Timothy Johnston, Being Soviet: Identity, Rumour, and Everyday Life Under Stalin, 1939–1953 (Oxford, U.K., 2011), 167–208.
66. For the 1930s, see Victor A. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom: The Personal and Political Life of a Soviet Official (New York, 1946), 324–25; for 1956, Zubkova, Russia After the War, 102–3; Judith Pallot and Tatyana Nefedova, Russia’s Unknown Agriculture: Household Production in Post-Socialist Russia (Oxford, U.K., 2007), 7.
67. Mark Edele, “More Than Just Stalinists: The Political Senitments of Victors, 1945–1953,” in Fürst, ed., Late Stalinist Russia, 172.
68. See Nina Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia (New York, 1994), 103–5; Catherine Merridale, Ivan’s War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945 (New York, 2006), 336–71.
69. The figures are for January 1 of each year. See V. N. Zemskov, “Arkhipelag Gulag: glazami pisatelya i statistika,” Argumenty i fakty (1989), 6–7; A. B. Bezborodov and V. M. Khrustalev, eds., Istoriia stalinskogo Gulaga (Moscow, 2004), 4:109.
70. Zemskov, “GULAG (Istoriko-sotsiologicheskii aspekt),” Sotsiologicheskii issledovaniya (1991), no. 6, 10–27; no. 7, 3–16. See also Edwin Bacon, The Gulag at War: Stalin’s Forced Labor System in the Light of the Archives (New York, 1994), 151.
71. See Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History (New York, 2003), 311.
72. Doc. 211 in T. V. Tsarevskaia-Diakina, ed., Istoria stalinskogo Gulaga (Moscow, 2004), 5:707–8; Lynne Viola, The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin’s Special Settlements (New York, 2007).
73. Aleksander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918–1956, 3 vols. (New York, 1973).
74. Ivanova, Istoriia GULAGa, 388–89.
CHAPTER 8. STALIN AND TRUMAN: FALSE STARTS
1. Meeting, Apr. 13, 1945, doc. 219 in Sovetsko-Amerikanskie otnoseheniya vo vremya Velikoi Otechestvennoie Voiny, 1941–1945 (Moscow, 1984), 2:356–59; FRUS, 1945, 5:825–29.
2. V. O. Pechatnov, “Ot siouza—k vrazde: Sovetsko-amerikanske otnoshenia v 1945–1946 gg,” in N. I. Egorova and A. O. Chubarian, eds., Kholodnaia voina, 1945–1963 gg.: Istoricheskaia retrospektiva. Sbornik statei (Moscow, 2003), 21–35.
3. Robert H. Ferrell, ed., Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman (New York, 1980), 16.
4. FRUS, 1945, 5,:211.
5. For the exchange, see ibid., 5:213–25.
6. Truman and Churchill to Stalin, received Apr. 18, 1945, in Stalin Correspondence, 2:204–5.
7. Bohlen to Stettinius, in FRUS, 1945, 5:832–38.
8. David McCullough, Truman (New York, 1992), 486.
9. W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York, 1975), 447–50.
10. Felix I. Chuev, Molotov: Poluderzhavnyii vlastelin (Moscow, 2000), 93.
11. Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York, 1973), 213; FRUS, 1945, 5:219–21; Thomas M. Campbell and George C. Herring, eds., The Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., 1943–1946 (New York, 1946), 328–29.
12. See the classic study by Daniel Yergin: Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Cambridge, Mass., 1977), 83, 181.
13. Doc. 226 in Sovetsko-Amerikanskie otnoseheniya vo vremya Velikoi Otechestvennoie Voiny, 2:367–69.
14. Andrei A. Gromyko, Pamiatnoe (Moscow, 1990), 1:257–58.
15. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 1, Year of Decisions (Garden City, N.Y., 1955), 10.
16. Nikolai V. Novikov, Vospominanya diplomata: zapiski, 1938–1947 (Moscow, 1989), 289–91.
17. Stalin to Truman, Apr. 24, 1945, in Stalin Correspondence, 2:208–9; Truman, Memoirs, 1:85–86.
18. Henry Stimson, Diary, entry for Apr. 25, 1945, Library of Congress, microfilm; Truman, Memoirs, 1:87.
19. NA, RG 200, Papers of General Leslie R. Groves, Correspondence 1941–1970, Box 3, F.
20. Truman, Grew, Harriman, and Bohlen, conversation, May 15, 1945, in FRUS, The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam Conference), 1:13, henceforth FRUS, Potsdam Conference.
21. See, e.g., Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan (Cambridge, Mass., 2005), 78; Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth (New York, 1995), 138–54. See also Soviet accounts; Dimitri Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumf i tragediya. Politichesky portret v 2 knigakh (Moscow, 1996), 2:409, Gromyko, Pamiatnoe, 1:270.
22. Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York, 1986), 628–29.
23. Richard B. Frank, Downfalclass="underline" The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire (New York, 1999), 117, 132.
24. David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb (New Haven, Conn., 1994), 114–15.
25. Ibid., 72–88; Chuev, Molotov, 96.
26. Aide-memoire, Sept. 19, 1944, in FRUS, Conference at Quebec, 1944, 492–93.
27. Christopher Andrew, Defend the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (New York, 2009), 368.
28. Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, 105.
29. Gromyko, Pamiatnoe, 1:274.
30. See New York Times, June 24, for a story by Turner Catledge and another by Arthur Krock, the latter noting that Truman’s remark was not to be taken seriously.
31. Gromyko, Apr. 21, 1945, doc. 224 in Sovetsko-Amerikanski otnosheniya vo vremya Velikoi Otechestvennoie Voiny, 1941–1945, 2:364–67.
32. Wilson D. Miscamble, From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War (New York, 2007), 137.
33. Churchill to Truman, in FRUS, Potsdam Conference, 1:9.
34. Campbell and Herring, eds., Diaries of Stettinius, 357–58; Truman, Memoirs, 1:227–28.
35. Telegram from Novikov, to Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, May 12–13, 1945, doc. 250 in Sovetsko-Amerikanski otnosheniya vo vremya Velikoi Otechestvennoie Voiny, 1941–1945, 2:388–91. For a revisionist interpretation of this misstep, see Yergin, Shattered Peace, 83–100.
36. For a nuanced account, see Miscamble, Roosevelt to Truman, 87–135.
37. Davies diary and Davies journal (May 13), Joseph E. Davies Papers, Library of Congress, Box 16.
38. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 457.
39. Davies to Stalin, via Molotov, May 14; Molotov to Davies, May 20; and Davies to Truman, May 22, in Joseph E. Davies Papers, Library of Congress, Boxes 16 and 17.
40. Miscamble, Roosevelt to Truman, 148–53.
41. Diary entry for May 29, 1945, in Anthony Eden, The Reckoning: The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon (Boston, 1965), 624.