42. Ivan Serov, report to Stalin, Mar. 22, in GARF, f. 9401, op. 2, d. 94, l. 122–26.
43. Doc. 42, Apr. 6, in Russkii Arkhiv: Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voina: T 14 (3-1): SSSR i Polsha (Moscow, 1994), 478–79, hereafter SSSR I Polsha.
44. Beria to Stalin, May 11, APRF, f. 3, op. 58, d. 277, l. 92–101.
45. Arthur Bliss Lane, I Saw Poland Betrayed: An American Ambassador Reports to the American People (New York, 1948), 108.
46. Beria to Stalin, May 31, APRF, f. 3, op. 58, d. 277, l. 141–142; also RGASPI, f. 17, op. 162, d. 37, l. 144.
47. Hopkins meeting, May 26, 1945, in FRUS, Potsdam Conference, 1:27.
48. Ibid., 1:29, 32–33.
49. FRUS, 1945, 5:301–6.
50. Hopkins to Truman, May 30, ibid., 5:307.
51. Ferrell, Off the Record, 44.
52. Stanisław Mikołajczyk, The Rape of Poland: Pattern of Soviet Aggression (New York, 1948), 111–30.
53. Docs. 43–45, June 19–21, in SSSR i Polsha, 479–86.
54. Rokossovsky whispered this news at Potsdam to Commissar Kuznetsov. See N. G. Kuznetsov, Kursom k pobede (Moscow, 2000), 500.
55. Jamil Hasanli, Stalin and the Turkish Crisis of the Cold War, 1945–1953 (Plymouth, U.K., 2011), 379.
56. Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times (New York, 2005), 58.
57. Hasanli, Stalin and the Turkish Crisis, 381.
58. Jonathan Haslam, Russia’s Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall (New Haven, Conn., 2011), 47–48.
59. Vladislav M. Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2007), 39–40.
60. Stalin to Molotov, Nov. 20, 1946, quoted in Vladimir O. Pechatnov, “‘The Allies Are Pressing on You to Break Your Will.’ Foreign Policy Correspondence Between Stalin and Molotov and Other Politburo Members, Sept. 1945–Dec. 1946,” CWIHP Working Paper no. 26 (1999), 22.
61. Jamil Hasanli, At the Dawn of the Cold War: The Soviet-American Crisis over Iranian Azerbaijan, 1941–1946 (Cambridge, Mass., 2006), 48–50.
62. CWIHP archive, 1945–46 Iranian Crisis, CPSU Politburo to Central Committee, Communist Party of Azerbaijan, July 6, 1945.
63. Jörg Baberowski, Der Feind ist überalclass="underline" Stalinismus im Kaukasus (Munich, 2003), 791–830.
64. Hasanali, Dawn of Cold War, 70.
65. Zubok, Failed Empire, 41.
66. Allan Bullock, Ernest Bevin, Foreign Secretary, 1945–1951 (London, 1983), 236.
67. Byrnes to Kennan, Mar. 8, 1946, in FRUS, 1946, 7:348.
68. Hasanli, Dawn of Cold War, 234.
69. Ibid., 244.
70. Ibid., 239–42.
71. Bullock, Bevin, 237.
72. Stalin to Pishavari, cited in Natalia Egorova, “‘Iranskii krisis,’ 1945–1946 gg: vzglyad iz rossiiskikh arkhivov,” Novaiia i noveishaiia istoriia (May–June 1994), 41.
73. Hasanli, Dawn of Cold War, 370.
74. Louise L’Estrange Fawcett, Iran and the Cold War: The Azerbaijan Crisis of 1946 (Cambridge, U.K., 1992), 179.
75. FRUS, 1946, 7:816; FRUS, 1945, 1:1017–18; William Taubman, Stalin’s American Policy: From Entente to Détente to Cold War (New York, 1982), 149–50.
CHAPTER 9. POTSDAM, THE BOMB, AND ASIA
1. See T. V. Volokitina et al., Moskva i Vostochnaia Evropa: stanovlenie politicheskikh rezhimov sovetskogo tipa, 1949–1953: ocherki istorii (Moscow, 2002), 27–41. See also T. V. Volokitina et al., Narodnaja demokratija: Mif ili realnost? Obchchestvenno-politicheskie processy v Vostochnoi Evrope: 1944–1948 gg. (Moscow, 1993), 314.
2. David McCullough, Truman (New York, 1992), 409.
3. Truman to Bess, July 20, in Robert H. Ferrell, ed., Dear Bess: The Letters from Harry to Bess Truman, 1910–1959 (New York, 1983), 520.
4. Robert H. Ferrell, ed., Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman (New York, 1980), 50–53.
5. Dimitri Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumf i tragediya. Politichesky portret v 2 knigakh (Moscow, 1996), 2:410–11.
6. Georgi K. Zhukov, Vospominaniya i razmyshleniya (Moscow, 2002), 2:368.
7. Sovetskii Soiuz na mezhdunarodnykh konferentsiiakh perioda Velikoi otechestvennoi voiny 1941–1945 gg.: Berlinskaia (Potsdamskaia) Konferentsiia: Sbornik dokumentov (Moscow, 1984), 6:39–41, henceforth Potsdamskaia Konferentsiia; FRUS, Potsdam Conference, 2:44–45.
8. Zhukov, Vospominaniya i razmyshleniya, 2:368–69.
9. Truman to Bess, July 18, 1945, in Ferrell, Dear Bess, 519.
10. Ferrell, Off the Record, 53.
11. George L. Harrison to Stimson, July 16, 1945, doc. 1304 in FRUS, Potsdam Conference, 2:1360.
12. Ferrell, Off the Record, 53–54.
13. Henry Stimson, Diary, July 17, 1945, Library of Congress, microfilm.
14. Ibid., July 21, 1945; also cited in FRUS, Potsdam Conference, 2:1361. The Groves report is doc. 1305, 2:1361–70.
15. Sean L. Malloy, Atomic Tragedy: Henry L. Stimson and the Decision to Use the Bomb Against Japan (New York, 2008), 130.
16. Potsdamskaia Konferentsiia, 114–15; FRUS, Potsdam Conference, 2:210–19.
17. Potsdamskaia Konferentsiia, 114; FRUS, Potsdam Conference, 2:210.
18. Potsdamskaia Konferentsiia, 115–16; FRUS, Potsdam Conference, 2:220–21.
19. Remarks to plenary session, July 21, 1945, Potsdamskaia Konferentsiia, 115–20; FRUS, Potsdam Conference, 2:214.
20. George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950 (Boston, 1967), 263–65.
21. Meeting of July 23, in Potsdamskaia Konferentsiia, 153; FRUS, Potsdam Conference, 2:305, 314.
22. Potsdamskaia Konferentsiia, 172–73; FRUS, Potsdam Conference, 2:362.
23. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 1, Year of Decisions (Garden City, N.Y., 1955), 416.
24. Winston S. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy (Boston, 1953), 669–70.
25. Andrei A. Gromyko, Pamiatnoe (Moscow, 1990), 1:272.
26. James F. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly (New York, 1947), 263.
27. A. I. Ioirysh, I. D. Morokhov, and S. K. Ivanov, A-Bomba (Moscow, 1980), 234–37.
28. Felix I. Chuev, Molotov: Poluderzhavnyii vlastelin (Moscow, 2000), 98–99.
29. Zhukov, Vospominaniya i razmyshleniya, 2:374–75.
30. See G. A. Goncharov and L. D. Riabev, “O Sozdanii pervoi otechestvennoi atomnoi bomby,” http://wsyachina.narod.ru/history/rds.
31. Vladimir M. Chikov and Gary Kern, Okhota za atomnoi bomboi: Dosye KGB No. 13676 (Moscow, 2001), 250–52.