32. Gromyko, Pamiatnoe, 1:277.
33. L. D. Riabev, ed., Atomnyi proekt SSSR. Dokumenty i materialy. Tom II, Atomnaia bomba 1945–1954, kniga 1 (Moscow, 1999), 11–13; David Holloway, “Jockeying for Position in the Postwar World: Soviet Entry into the War with Japan in August 1945,” in Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, ed., The End of the War in the Pacific (Stanford, Calif., 2007), 185.
34. Stalin-Kurchstov conversation, Jan. 25, 1946, in CWIHP, Bulletin (Fall 1994), 5.
35. David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb (New Haven, Conn., 1994), 172–223.
36. Doc. 1152 in FRUS, Potsdam Conference, 2:480, 1150–51.
37. Entry for July 25, 1945, in Ferrell, Off the Record, 56.
38. Remarks, July 31, 1945, in Potsdamskaia Konferentsiia, 244–45; FRUS, Potsdam Conference, 2:522, 536.
39. FRUS, Potsdam Conference, 2:1474–76.
40. Ibid., 2:476.
41. Letter, July 29, 1945, in Ferrell, Dear Bess, 522.
42. For a review of the literature, see Barton J. Bernstein, “Introducing the Interpretive Problems of Japan’s 1945 Surrender: A Historiographical Essay on Recent Literature in the West,” in Hasegawa, End of the War in Pacific, 11–64.
43. Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, “The Soviet Factor in Ending the Pacific War: From the Neutrality Pact to Soviet Entry into the War in August 1945,” in Hasegawa, End of the War in Pacific, 202. For a concise refutation of the theory that the bomb was aimed mainly to intimidate the Soviets, see Campbell Craig and Sergey Radchenko, The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War (New Haven, Conn., 2008), 81–86.
44. For discussion and further reading, see the online H-Diplo Roundtable discussion of Hasegawa’s Racing the Enemy, here the remarks of Barton J. Bernstein, http://www.h-net.org/~diplo/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XIII-30.pdf.
45. Frank, Downfall, 214–39.
46. John R. Deane, The Strange Alliance: The Story of Our Efforts at Wartime Co-operation with Russia (New York, 1947), 267–85.
47. Alexander M. Vasilevsky, Delo vsei zhisni (Moscow, 1978), 518.
48. Kuznetsov, Kursom k pobede, 510–11.
49. Hasegawa, “Soviet Factor,” in Hasegawa, End of the War in Pacific, 221–22.
50. Directive in V. A. Zolotarev, ed., Sovetsko-iaponskaia voina 1945 goda: istoriia voennopoli ticheskogo-protivoborstva dvukh derzhav v 30–40e gody: Dokumenty i materially v 2 t. (Moscow, 1997), vol. 18 (7–1), 341.
51. Vasilevsky, Delo vsei zhisni, 523.
52. Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan (Cambridge, Mass., 2005), 217–26; Holloway, “Jockeying for Position,” in Hasegawa, End of the War in Pacific, 175–78.
53. Deane, Strange Alliance, 278–79; W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York, 1975), 498–500.
54. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 501.
55. Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, eds., The Army Air Forces in World War II (Washington, D.C., 1953), 5:732–33, cited in John W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York, 1986), 300–1.
56. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, 241–48.
57. David M. Glantz, The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, 1945: “August Storm” (London, 2003), 60.
58. Zolotarev, Sovetsko-iaponskaia voina, vol. 18 (7-1), 343–48.
59. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, 256, 259.
60. Ibid., 252–55.
61. For the order and accompanying note, see FRUS, 1945, 6:658–60.
62. Stalin to Truman, Aug. 16, 1945, ibid., 667–68.
63. Truman to Stalin, Aug. 18, 1945, ibid., 670.
64. Stalin to Truman, Aug. 22, 1945, ibid., 687–88.
65. Directive in Zolotarev, Sovetsko-iaponskaia voina, vol. 18 (7-2), 43.
66. Erik van Ree, Socialism in One Zone: Stalin’s Policy in Korea, 1945–1947 (Oxford, U.K., 1989), 62–67; Holloway, “Jockeying for Position,” in Hasegawa, End of the War in Pacific, 180–81; Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, 268–70.
67. Voina v Koree, 1950–1953 (Moscow, 2003), 3–6. For a general account, see David Halberstam, The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War (New York, 2007), 47–81.
68. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, 280–85.
69. Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, “The Atomic Bombs and the Soviet Invasion: Which Was More Important in Japan’s Decision to Surrender?” in Hasegawa, End of the War in Pacific, 143. For evidence of the military’s will to fight on after August 15, see Toshikazu Kase, Journey to the Missouri, David N. Rowe, ed. (New Haven, Conn., 1950), 258–65.
70. Sumio Hatano, “The Atomic Bomb and Soviet Entry into the War: Of Equal Importance,” in Hasegawa, End of the War in Pacific, 112.
71. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, 288.
72. Vasilevsky, Delo vsei zhisni, 535.
73. For a similar assertion, by a commander of the attack through Mongolia, see I. A. Pliev, Cherez Gobi i Khingan (Moscow, 1965), 49.
74. K. A. Meretskov, Na sluzhbe narodu (Moscow, 1968), 449; for similar argumentation, see Chuev, Molotov, 98–99.
75. Stalin, Sochineniia, 15:212–15.
76. Dieter Heinzig, The Soviet Union and Communist China, 1945–1950: The Arduous Road to the Alliance (New York, 2004), 4.
77. Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2001), 26–32.
78. M. M. Zagorulko, ed., Voennoplennye v SSSR 1939–1956: dokumenty i materialy (Moscow, 2000), 10, 25–59.
79. John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York, 1999), 51–52n27, 570.
CHAPTER 10. SOVIET RETRIBUTION AND POSTWAR TRIALS
1. U.S. Department of State, Oct. 7, 1942, in Report of Robert H. Jackson, International Conference on Military Trials (London, 1945), 9; Arieh J. Kochavi, Prelude to Nuremberg: Allied War Crimes Policy and the Question of Punishment (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1998), 28–35.
2. Marina Sorokina, “People and Procedures: Toward a History of the Investigation of Nazi Crimes in the USSR,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History (2005), 801; FRUS, 1942. Europe, 3:473.
3. U.S. Department of State, Dec. 17, 1942, in Jackson, International Conference on Military Trials, 9–10.
4. Sorokina, “People and Procedures,” 824–25.
5. Entries for Apr. 14–28, 1943, in Elke Fröhlich et al., eds., Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels (Munich, 1993), 2; 8:101–78.
6. Wendy Lower, Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2005), 194–97; Anthony Dragan, Vinnytsia: A Forgotten Holocaust (Jersey City, N.J., 1986), 11.