7. Sergey Kudryashov and Vanessa Voisin, “The Early Stages of ‘Legal Purges’ in Soviet Russia (1941–1945),” in Cahiers du Monde russe (2008), 263–96, and more generally Amir Weiner, Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution (Princeton, N.J., 2001).
8. Ilya Bourtman, “‘Blood for Blood, Death for Death’: The Soviet Military Tribunal in Krasnodar, 1943,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies (2008), 248; Tanja Penter, “Local Collaborators on Triaclass="underline" Soviet War Crimes Trials Under Stalin (1943–1953),” Cahiers du Monde russe (2008), 357.
9. New York Times, July 19, 1943.
10. The trial was held Dec. 15–18. See Nazi Crimes in Ukraine 1941–1944, Documents and Materials (Kiev, 1987), 279–83.
11. W. Averell Harriman to Cordell Hull, Dec. 16, 20, 22, and 31, 1943, in FRUS, The British Commonwealth, Eastern Europe, the Far East (1943), 3:846–51; also New York Times, Dec. 20, 1943.
12. Kochavi, Prelude to Nuremberg, 73.
13. FRUS, 1943, General, 1:768–69.
14. Sovetskii Soyuz na mezhdunarodnykh konferentsiyakh perioda Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny, 1941–1945 gg.: Sbornik dokumentov: T. 2 Tegeranskaya konferentsiya rukovoditelei trekh soyuznykh derzhav—SSSR, SShA i Velikobritanii (Moscow: 1984), xxx; FRUS, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, (1943), 553–54; Michael Beschloss, The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler’s Germany, 1941–1945 (New York, 2002), 27.
15. Winston Churchill, Closing the Ring (Boston, Mass., 1951), 374.
16. Feb. 4, 1945, in Sovetskii Soyuz na mezhdunarodnykh konferentsiyakh perioda Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny, 1941–1945 gg.: Sbornik dokumentov: T. 4 Krymskaya konferentsiya rukovoditelei trekh soyuznykh derzhav—SSSR, SShA i Velikobritanii (Moscow, 1979), xxx; FRUS, Malta and Yalta (1945), 571.
17. Kochavi, Prelude to Nuremberg, 224.
18. Norbert Frei, ed., Transnationale Vergangenheitspolitik: Der Umgang mit deutschen Kriegsverbrechern in Europa nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (Göttingen, 2006), 31–32, table 1.
19. Bourtman, “‘Blood for Blood, Death for Death,’ ” 248.
20. For overviews, see Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York, 2005), 41–50; Jean-Pierre Rioux, The Fourth Republic, 1944–1958 (Cambridge, U.K., 1987), 32; and István Deák, Jan T. Gross, and Tony Judt, eds., The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath (Princeton, N.J., 2000), 4.
21. Frei, Transnationale Vergangenheitspolitik, 32.
22. B. N. Kovalev, Kollaboratsionizm v Rossii v 1941–1945 gg.: tipy i formy (Moscow, 2009), 5–20; A. E. Epifanov, Otvetstvennost za voennye prestupleniia, sovershennye na territorii SSSR v period Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny: istoriko-pravovoie aspekt (Moscow, 2001), 382; Kudryashov and Voisin, “Early Stages of ‘Legal Purges,’ ” 266–67. For slightly different numbers, see Penter, “Local Collaborators on Trial,” 356.
23. See, e.g. Merkulov to Stalin, Mar. 19, 1943, in APRF, f. 3, op. 58, d. 207, l. 159–75.
24. Beria to Stalin, Jan. 8, 1944, in GARF, f. 9401, op. 2, d. 64, l. 9–13.
25. Jeffrey W. Jones, “‘Every Family Has Its Freak’ ”: Perceptions of Collaboration in Occupied Soviet Russia, 1943–1948,” Slavic Review (2005), 755.
26. Hiroki Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror in the Donbas: A Ukrainian-Russian Borderland, 1870s–1990s (Cambridge, U.K., 1998), 298.
27. Marius Broekmeyer, Stalin, the Russians, and Their War, 1941–1945 (Madison, Wisc., 1999), 180–81.
28. Ibid., 208.
29. Decision GKO, June 24, 1942, in APRF, f. 3, op. 57, d. 59, l. 67.
30. Felix I. Chuev, Molotov: Poluderzhavnyii vlastelin (Moscow, 2000), 453–54.
31. GARF, f. 9401, op. 2, d. 66, l. 232.
32. Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (New York, 2004), 379–80.
33. Christian Streit, Keine Kameraden: Die Wehrmacht und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, 1941–1945 (Stuttgart, 1978), 244, 247.
34. Ulrich Herbert, Fremdarbeiter: Politik und Praxis des “Ausländer-Einsatzes” in der Kriegswirtschaft des Dritten Reiches (Berlin, 1986), 271, table 42.
35. Catherine Andreyev, Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement: Soviet Reality and Émigré Theories (Cambridge, U.K., 1987), 7–10, 72–79.
36. The standard work, also on incorrect numbers, is Rüdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Munich, 2004), 161–63, 229.
37. Ulrike Goeken-Haidl, Der Weg zurück: Die Repatriierung sowjetischer Zwangsarbeiter und Kriegsgefangener während und nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (Essen, 2006), 77–78.
38. Anthony Eden, The Reckoning: The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon (Boston, 1965), 560–61.
39. S. M. Plokhy, Yalta: The Price of Peace (New York, 2010), 300.
40. Jason Kendall Moore, “Between Expediency and Principle: U.S. Repatriation Policy Toward Russian Nationals, 1944–1949,” Diplomatic History (2000), 386.
41. Goeken-Haidl, Der Weg zurück, 89–93; John R. Deane, The Strange Alliance: The Story of Our Efforts at Wartime Co-operation with Russia (New York, 1947), 183–84.
42. Moore, “Between Expediency and Principle,” 384.
43. Stettinius to Harriman, Jan. 3, 1945, in FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 416.
44. Sovetskii Soyuz na mezhdunarodnykh konferentsiyakh perioda Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny, 1941–1945 gg.: Sbornik dokumentov: T. 4 Krymskaya konferentsiya rukovoditelei trekh soyuznykh derzhav—SSSR, SShA i Velikobritanii (Moscow, 1979), 210–11; FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 985–87.
45. Mikhail Heller and Aleksandr M. Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present (New York, 1986), 451.
46. W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin 1941–1946 (New York, 1975), 416–17; David Reynolds, Summits: Six Meetings That Shaped the Twentieth Century (New York, 2007), 141.
47. See the front-page story “Russians Captured with Nazis Riot at Fort Dix: 3 Commit Suicide,” New York Times, June 30, 1945.
48. The story is told in Deane, Strange Alliance, 190–94.
49. Roosevelt to Stalin, Mar. 3, 1945, and Stalin to Roosevelt, Mar. 5, 1945, in Stalin Correspondence, 2:184–85.
50. Stalin to Roosevelt, Mar. 22, 1945, ibid., 2:186–87; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 419–23.
51. Deane, Strange Alliance, 200.
52. Harriman to Roosevelt, Mar. 24, 1945, and Harriman to Secretary of State, Apr. 2, 1945, in FRUS, 1945, Europe, 1084–88.
53. Goeken-Haidl, Der Weg zurück, 545–50.
54. See the oft-cited statistics in Richard Overy, Russia’s War (New York, 1997), 303.