66. Dokumente aus polnischen Archiven, 1:64.
67. Ibid., 3:77.
68. Report (2nd quarter 1945), military court, First Polish Army, doc. 48, ibid., 1:180–81.
69. Ibid., 1:69.
70. T. David Curp, A Clean Sweep? The Politics of Ethnic Cleansing in Western Poland, 1945–1960 (Rochester, N.Y., 2006), 47–53.
71. Report beginning June 1945, doc. 163, and report, June 14, 1945, doc. 165, in Dokumente aus polnischen Archiven, 4:448–49, 452–55.
72. Curp, Clean Sweep, 44–45.
73. Doc. 219, Dokumente aus polnischen Archiven, 2:408.
74. Doc. 258, Sept. 7, 1945, ibid., 470–72.
75. Protocol of the meeting, in FRUS, Potsdam Conference, 2:1495.
76. Dokumente aus polnischen Archiven, 1:101.
77. Doc. 1, from the Gomułka papers, in Andrzej Werblan, “The Conversation Between Władysław Gomułka and Josef Stalin on 14 November 1945,” CWIHP Bulletin 11 (Winter 1998), 134–38.
78. Matthew Frank, Expelling the Germans: British Opinion and Post-1945 Population Transfer in Context (Oxford, U.K., 2007), 227–73.
79. Bernard Linek, “‘De-Germanization’ and ‘Re-Polonization’ in Upper Silesia, 1945–1905,” in Ther and Siljak, Redrawing Nations, 121–34.
80. Dokumente aus polnischen Archiven, 2:385.
81. Czestaw Miłosz, The Captive Mind (New York, 1951), 164–65.
82. Ilya Ehrenburg, Liudi, gody, zhizn: vospominaniia, v trekh tomakh (Moscow, 2005), vol. 3, kniga 6, chap. 2.
83. Michael Schwartz, Vertriebene und “Umsiedlerpolitik”: SBZ/DDR 1945 bis 1961 (Munich, 2004), 49–55, tables.
84. Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, vol. 4, 1914–1949 (Munich, 2004), cites 1.71 million and a total of 14.16 million expellees (944); Naimark, Fires of Hatred, gives 2.5 million for the death toll (14); Heinz Nawratil, Schwarzbuch der Vertreibung 1945 bis 1948: Das letzte Kapitel unbewältigter Vergangenheit, 12th ed. (Munich, 2005), cites the Statistisches Bundesamt, Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste (Wiesbaden, 1958), as giving 2.23 million dead, but he adopts the figure of 2.8 million (75).
85. Rüdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg, 3rd ed. (Munich, 2004), 298–300; and Overmans, “Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung,” in Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik (1994), 51–63. For a critique of the literature, see Ingo Haar, “Die deutschen ‘Vertreibungsverluste’: Forschungsstand, Kontexte, und Probleme,” in Josef Ehmer, Jürgen Reulecke, and Rainer Mackensen, eds., Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts “Bevölkerung” vor, im und nach dem “Dritten Reich:” Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft (Wiesbaden, 2008), 363–81.
86. Doc. 71, Aug. 11, 1945, and doc. 107, July 4, 1946, in Volokitina et al., Sovetskii faktor, 1:229–31, 317–18.
87. Anita J. Praz·mowska, Civil War in Poland, 1942–1948 (New York, 2004), 172.
88. Jan T. Gross, Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland after Auschwitz: An Essay in Historical Interpretation (New York, 2006), 258–60; for a Soviet report on the situation of the Jews, see doc. 119, Sept. 24, 1946, in Volokitina et al., Sovetskii faktor, 1:340–45.
89. Joanna Beate Michlic, Poland’s Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present (Lincoln, Neb., 2006), 196–98.
90. Gomułka to Stalin, Dec. 14, 1948, doc. 307 in Volokitina et al., Vostochnaya Evropa, 1:937–44.
91. Quoted in Bradley F. Abrams, “Morality, Wisdom and Revision: The Czech Opposition of the 1970s and the Expulsion of the Sudeten Germans,” East European Politics and Societies (1995), 248, 250.
92. Krystyna Kersten, “Forced Migration and the Transformation of Polish Society in the Postwar Period,” in Ther and Siljak, Redrawing Nations, 75–86.
93. Recognition came in the two-plus-four agreement (1989–1990) and the German-Polish Border Treaty (1990). See Thomasz Kamusella, “The Expulsion of the Population Categorized as ‘Germans’ from the Post-1945 Poland,” in Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, eds., The Expulsion of the “German” Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War, EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1, 21–30.
94. For the extensive literature and references of contemporary sources, see Sven Eliason, ed., Building Democracy and Civil Society East of the Elbe: Essays in Honour of Edmund Mokrzycki (New York, 2006).
CHAPTER 14. THE PATTERN OF DICTATORSHIPS: BULGARIA, ROMANIA, AND HUNGARY
1. L. Y. Gibiansky, “Problemii Vostochnoi Evropii i nachalo formiprovania miprovania sovetskogo bloka,” in N. I. Egorova and A. O. Chubarian, eds., Kholodnaia voina, 1945–1963 gg.: Istoricheskaia retrospektiva. Sbornik statei (Moscow, 2003), 130–31.
2. Georgi K. Zhukov, Vospominaniya i razmyshleniya (Moscow, 2002), 2:246–49.
3. Jordan Baev and Kostadin Grozev, “Bulgarien: Organisation, Aufbau und Personal,” in Łukasz Kamiński, Krzysztof Persak, und Jens Gieseke, eds., Handbuch der kommunistischen Geheimdienste in Osteuropa 1944–1991 (Göttingen, 2009), 143–97.
4. Vesselin Dimitrov, Stalin’s Cold War: Soviet Foreign Policy, Democracy and Communism in Bulgaria, 1941–48 (New York, 2008), 72; R. J. Crampton, Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century—And After, 2nd ed. (London, 2003), 225–26.
5. Ekaterina Nikova, “Bulgarian Stalinism Revisited,” in Vladimir Tismăneanu, ed., Stalinism Revisited: The Establishment of Communist Regimes in East-Central Europe (Budapest–New York, 2009), 289; Marietta Stankova, “Das parteipolitische System in Bulgarien 1944–1949: Äussere Einflüsse und innere Faktoren,” in Stefan Creuzberger and Manfred Görtemaker, eds., Gleichschaltung unter Stalin? Die Entwicklung der Parteien im östlichen Europa, 1944–1949 (Paderborn, 2002), 185.
6. Ilya Ehrenburg, Liudi, gody, zhizn: vospominaniia, v trekh tomakh (Moscow, 2005), 6:26.
7. Entry for Sept. 24, in Ivo Banac, ed., The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933–1949 (New Haven, Conn., 2003), 336–37.
8. Nikova, “Bulgarian Stalinism Revisited,” 291–92. For slightly different numbers, see Stankova, “Das parteipolitische System in Bulgarien,” 186–87, and E. L. Valeva, “Politicheskiye protsessy v Bolgarii 1944–1948 gg,” Mezhdunarodnyi istoricheskii zhurnal (2000), http://history.machaon.ru/all/number_07/analiti4/total/valeva/index.html.
9. Tzvetan Todorov, Voices from the Gulag: Life and Death in Communist Bulgaria (University Park, Pa., 1999), 38–39.
10. Dimitrov, Stalin’s Cold War, 80.
11. Meeting, Jan. 28, 1945, in Georgi Dimitrov, Dnevnik: mart 1933–fevruari 1949: izbrano (Sofia, 2003), 240–41.
12. Report, end Dec. 1944, in Stankova, “Das parteipolitische System in Bulgarien,” 189.
13. Letter from Public Figures to King Boris, May 26, 1943, in Tzvetan Todorov, The Fragility of Goodness: Why Bulgaria’s Jews Survived the Holocaust (Princeton, N.J., 2001), 106–7.