66. Rainer, “Der Weg der ungarischen Volksdemokratie,” 343–45.
CHAPTER 15. COMMUNISM IN YUGOSLAVIA, ALBANIA, AND GREECE
1. The ethnic figures are for 1921. See John R. Lampe, Balkans into Southeastern Europe (New York, 2006), 71 and 217, tables 3.1 and 7.1.
2. Note to Dimitrov, Feb. 3, 1943, in Georgi Dimitrov, Dnevnik: mart 1933–fevruari 1949: izbrano (Sofia, 2003), 171.
3. Edvard Kardelj, Reminiscences: The Struggle for Recognition and Independence: The New Yugoslavia, 1944–1957 (London, 1982), 37–40.
4. Milovan Djilas, Wartime (New York, 1977), 120, 359–61.
5. Jerca Vodušk Starič, “Stalinismus und Selbst-Stalinismus in Yugoslawien: Von der kommunistischen Partisanenbewegung zu Tito’s Einparteisystem,” in Stefan Creuzberger and Manfred Görtemaker, eds., Gleichschaltung unter Stalin? Die Entwicklung der Parteien im östlichen Europa 1944–1949 (Paderborn, 2002), 228–29; Djilas, Wartime, 361.
6. Doc. 13 in T. V. Volokitina et al., eds., Sovetskii faktor v Vostochnoi Evrope, 1944–1953 (Moscow, 1999), 1:91–94; Stevan K. Pavlowitch, Hitler’s New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia (New York, 2008), 237.
7. For the Stalin-Tito exchange, see Vladimir Dedijer, Tito Speaks: His Self-Portrait and Struggle with Stalin (London, 1953), 232–37.
8. Entry for Sept. 27, in Dimitrov, Dnevnik, 223–24.
9. For visits to Stalin in Nov. 1944, see Kardelj, Reminiscences, 41, 61.
10. S. I. Lavrenov and I. M. Popov, Sovetskii Soiuz v lokalnykh voinakh i konfliktakh (Moscow, 2003), 70–72.
11. Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (New York, 1962), 102.
12. Entry for April 8, 1945, in Dimitrov, Dnevnik, 247.
13. Kardelj, Reminiscences, 50–52.
14. Nora Beloff, Tito’s Flawed Legacy: Yugoslavia and the West Since 1939 (Boulder, Colo., 1985), 125.
15. Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty’s Intelligence Service (New York, 2002), 336.
16. The first figure is from Vladimir Žerjavić, cited in Pavlowitch, Hitler’s New Disorder, 262. Janusz Piekalkiewicz, Krieg auf dem Balkan, 1940–1945 (Munich, 1984), says that “50,000 Croat soldiers and about 30,000 refugees, mainly women and children, were executed over a five-day period” (309); cited in Misha Glenny, The Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1904–1999 (New York, 2000), 530.
17. Sabrina P. Ramet, The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005 (Washington, D.C., 2006), 159–60.
18. Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa, vol. 5, Jugoslawien (reprint, Munich, 2004), 180E–84E.
19. Aleksa Djilas, The Contested Country: Yugoslav Unity and Communist Revolution, 1919–1953 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 170.
20. Ramet, Three Yugoslavias, 159.
21. Edvard Kardelj, list of requests, Feb. 5, 1945, doc. 35 in Volokitina et al., Sovetskii faktor, 1:138.
22. Milovan Djilas, Rise and Fall (New York, 1983), 82.
23. Starič, “Stalinismus und Selbst-Stalinismus in Yugoslawien,” 233–36.
24. Djilas, Contested Country, 159.
25. Report, Jan. 19, 1946, doc. 91 in Volokitina et al., Sovetskii faktor, 1:269–76.
26. Letter, not later than Sept. 15, 1946, doc. 117, ibid, 338–39.
27. Quoted in Ramet, Three Yugoslavias, 169.
28. Starič, “Stalinismus und Selbst-Stalinismus in Yugoslawien,” 229–31.
29. Quoted in Beloff, Tito’s Flawed Legacy, 102, 132.
30. Glenny, Balkans, 531–32.
31. The first figure is from John R. Lampe, Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country, 2nd ed. (New York, 2000), 227, and the second is from Bor. M. Karapandžić, The Bloodiest Yugoslav Spring, 1945—Tito’s Katyns and Gulags (New York, 1980), 20. See also in Oskar Gruenwald, “Yugoslav Camp Literature: Rediscovering the Ghost of a Nation’s Past-Present-Future,” Slavic Review (1987), 517.
32. See Arnold Suppan, “Between Hitler, Beneš, and Tito: Czechoslovak-German and Yugoslav-German Confrontations in World War II,” paper, Stanford University, Mar. 6, 2008, http://iis-db.stanford.edu/evnts/5112/Between_Hitler,_Benes_and_Tito.pdf.
33. Jozo Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration (Stanford, Calif., 2001), 766.
34. Waddams’s report quoted in Beloff, Tito’s Flawed Legacy, 133–34.
35. Lampe, Balkans into Southeastern Europe, 188.
36. For an account from a former prisoner, see Josip Zoretić, Goli Otok: Hell in the Adriatic (College Station, Tex., 2007).
37. Report, New York Herald Tribune, Nov. 7, 1952, in T. V. Volokitina et al., Moskva i Vostochnaia Evropa: stanovlenie politicheskikh rezhimov sovetskogo tipa, 1949–1953: ocherki istorii (Moscow, 2002), 585–86.
38. For comments by a British officer who worked with the partisans, see Michael Lees, The Rape of Serbia: The British Role in Tito’s Grab for Power, 1943–1944 (London, 1990), 295–312.
39. Memorandum, Aug. 31, 1945, in FRUS, 1945, 5:1252–53
40. Glenny, Balkans, 562–63.
41. Ilya Ehrenburg, Liudi, gody, zhizn: vospominaniia, v trekh tomakh (Moscow, 2005), vol. 6, chap. 2.
42. Report (not earlier than Mar. 1, 1947), doc. 150 in Volokitina et al., Sovetskii faktor, 1:415–19.
43. Jon Halliday, ed., The Artful Albanian: Memoirs of Enver Hoxha (London, 1986), 62–71.
44. Ibid., 87–89.
45. Peter Danylow, “Sieg und Niederlage der Internationale: Die Sowjetizierung der Kommunistischen Partei in Albanien,” in Creuzberger and Görtemaker, Gleichschaltung unter Stalin, 242–46.
46. Entry for Jan. 10, 1945, in Dimitrov, Dnevnik, 237–38.
47. Quoted in Vladimir Volkov, “The Soviet Leadership and Southeastern Europe,” in Norman Naimark and Leonid Gibianskii, eds., The Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944–1949 (Boulder, Colo., 1997), 66.
48. Danylow, “Sieg und Niederlage der Internationale,” 248–49.
49. Djilas, Rise and Fall, 111.
50. Speech quoted in ibid., 91.
51. Note cited in ibid., 92.
52. Meeting with Molotov, July 15, doc. 229, in T. V. Volokitina et al., eds., Vostochnaya Evropa v dokumentakh rossiiskikh arkhivov (Moscow, 1997–98), 1:677–81.
53. Doc. 150 in Volokitina et al., Sovetskii faktor, 1:417.
54. Enver Hoxha, With Stalin: Memoirs (Tirana, 1979), 53–86.
55. Minutes of meeting, July 23, 1947, doc. 170 in Volokitina et al., Sovetskii faktor, 1:474–77.
56. Mark Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–44 (New Haven, Conn., 1993), 268, 296.