57. Violetta Hionidou, “Famine in Occupied Greece: Causes and Consequences,” in Richard Clogg, ed., Bearing Gifts to Greeks: Humanitarian Aid to Greece in the 1940s (New York, 2008), 26.
58. André Gerolymatos, Red Acropolis: The Greek Civil War and the Origins of Soviet-American Rivalry, 1943–1949 (New York, 2004), 149–85; Philip B. Minehan, Civil War and World War in Europe: Spain, Yugoslavia, and Greece, 1936–1949 (New York, 2006), 212.
59. Entry for Dec. 8, 1944, in Dimitrov, Dnevnik, 231.
60. Doc. 37 in Volokitina et al., Vostochnaya Evropa v dokumentakh rossiiskikh arkhivov, 1:118–33.
61. Entry for Jan. 10, 1945, in Dimitrov, Dnevnik, 237–38.
62. Letter, Jan. 15, 1945, in John O. Iatrides, ed., Ambassador MacVeagh Reports: Greece, 1933–1947 (Princeton, N.J., 1980), 670.
63. Mark Mazower, “The Cold War and the Appropriation of Memory: Greece After Liberation,” in István Deák, Jan T. Gross, and Tony Judt, eds., The Politics of Retribution: World War II and Its Aftermath (Princeton, N.J., 2000), 213–15.
64. Ole L. Smith, “Communist Perceptions, Strategy, and Tactics, 1945–1949,” in John O. Iatrides and Linda Wrigley, eds., Greece at the Crossroads: Civil War and Its Legacy (University Park, Pa., 1995), 92–98.
65. Joseph M. Jones, The Fifteen Weeks (February 11–June 5, 1947) (New York, 1955), 3–13.
66. Clark Clifford with Richard Holbrooke, Counsel to the President: A Memoir (New York, 1991), 108.
67. Wilson D. Miscamble, From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War (Cambridge, U.K., 2007), 285–86.
68. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York, 1969), 217–25.
69. Address to House of Representatives, http://www.trumanlibrary.org.
70. Peter J. Stavrakis, “Soviet Policy in Areas of Limited Controclass="underline" The Case of Greece, 1944–1949,” in Iatrides and Wrigley, Greece at the Crossroads, 251.
71. A. A. Danilov and A. V. Pyzhikov, Rozhdenie sverkhderzhavy: SSSR v pervye poslevoennye gody (Moscow, 2001), 28–32.
72. V. K. Volkov and L. Ia. Gibianskii, “Na poroge pervogo raskola v sotsialisticheskom lagere: Peregovori rykovodiashikh deiatelei SSSR, Bolgarii i Iogoslavii 1948 r.,” Istoricheskii arkhiv (1997), 92–123; Dimitrov, Dnevnik, 360–68.
CHAPTER 16. THE PASSING OF THE COMMUNIST MOMENT IN WESTERN EUROPE
1. For other plans, see Maxim Litvinov, Oct. 9, 1943, doc. 62 in G. P. Kynin and Jochen Laufer eds., SSSR i germanskii vopros, 1941–1949: dokumenty iz arkhiva vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi Federastsii (Moscow, 1996), 1:277–86.
2. Doc. 79, Jan. 11, 1944, in Kynin and Laufer, SSSR i germanskii vopros, 1:333–60, here sections 3d and 17.
3. Doc. 114, July 28, 1944, ibid., 425–36, here 14h.
4. FRUS, Conference at Quebec, 1944, 467.
5. Gromyko to Molotov, Nov. 13, 1944, doc. 135 in Kynin and Laufer, SSSR i germanskii vopros, 1:571–75.
6. Secretary of War to the President, Sept. 15, 1944, in FRUS, Conference at Quebec, 1944, 482–85.
7. “Anglichanye i Amerikantziy xotyat vezde sozdat reakzionnyiye pravitlctva,” Istochnik 4 (1995), 152–58; Georgi Dimitrov, Dnevnik: mart 1933–fevruari 1949: izbrano (Sofia, 2003), 229–30.
8. Dimitrov to Stalin, July 1, Oct. 6, 1934, and Stalin to Dimitrov, Oct. 25, 1934, in Alexander Dallin and F. I. Firsov, eds., Dimitrov and Stalin, 1934–1943: Letters from the Soviet Archives (New Haven, Conn., 2000), 13–22.
9. This was the conception since mid-1941. See entry for July 7, in Dimitrov, Dnevnik, 122.
10. Alfred J. Rieber, Stalin and the French Communist Party, 1941–1947 (New York, 1962), 169, 189. On party memberships, see Thomas H. Greene, “The Communist Parties of Italy and France: A Study in Comparative Communism,” World Politics (1968), 1–38; Joan Barth Urban, Moscow and the Italian Communist Party: From Togliatti to Berlinguer (London, 1986), 148.
11. Tony Judt, Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, 1944–1956 (Berkeley, Calif., 1992), 58–60.
12. Jean-Pierre Rioux, The Fourth Republic, 1944–1958 (Cambridge, U.K., 1989), 54–55.
13. Charles de Gaulle, The Complete War Memoirs of Charles de Gaulle (New York, 1972), 978–94.
14. Memo, Norris B. Chipman, U.S. Embassy Paris, Nov. 23, 1946, FRUS, 1947, British Commonwealth; Europe. vol. 5, 471–77; Rioux, The Fourth Republic, 106–11; William I. Hitchcock, France Restored: Cold War Diplomacy and the Quest for Leadership in Europe, 1944–1954 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1998), 12–22.
15. Rioux, Fourth Republic, 125–26; also for what follows.
16. Barry Machado, In Search of a Usable Past: The Marshall Plan and Postwar Reconstruction Today (Washington, D.C., 2007), 11; Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, Calif., 1992), 158.
17. Caffery to Secretary of State, May 12, 1947, in FRUS, 1947, British Commonwealth; Europe, 3:709–13.
18. Department of State, press release, June 4, 1947, ibid., 3:237–39.
19. Hitchcock, France Restored, 72–73; Rioux, Fourth Republic, 126–27.
20. Harry Bayard Price, The Marshall Plan and Its Meaning (Ithaca, N.Y., 1955), 47–48.
21. Entry for Mar. 5, 1944, in Dimitrov, Dnevnik, 204–5.
22. Hans Woller, Die Abrechnung mit dem Faschismus in Italien 1943 bis 1948 (Munich, 1996), 115–17, 304–5.
23. James Holland, Italy’s Sorrow: A Year of War, 1944–1945 (New York, 2008), 398.
24. William I. Hitchcock, The Bitter Road to Freedom: A New History of the Liberation of Europe (New York, 2008), 235–36.
25. De Gasperi to Truman, Jan. 8, 1947, in FRUS, 1947, British Commonwealth; Europe, 3:850–51; Aldo Agosti, Palmiro Togliatti: A Biography (London, 2008), 184.
26. Tarchiani to De Gasperi, May 14, 1947, cited in Elena Agarossi and Victor Zaslavsky, Stalin and Togliatti: Italy and the Origins of the Cold War (Washington, D.C., 2011), 229–30. No American record of the conversation has been found.
27. Memorandum on Marshall-Tarchiani conversation, May 16, 1947, in FRUS, 1947, British Commonwealth; Europe, 3:904–8.
28. Richard J. Barnet, The Alliance: America-Europe-Japan, Makers of the Postwar World (New York, 1983), 140.
29. Agarossi and Zaslavsky, Stalin and Togliatti, 220–31.
30. See http://cronologia.leonardo.it/elezio2.htm.
31. Visit of Dec. 1947, in Agarossi and Zaslavsky, Stalin and Togliatti, 283–84.
32. Ibid., 285–88.
33. New York Times, Feb. 26 and March 11, 1947.