4. David McCullough, Truman (New York, 1992), 525–39.
5. Doc. 185 in Sovetsko-Amerikanskie Otnosheniya, 1945–1948 (Moscow, 2004); Nikolai V. Novikov, Vospominanya diplomata: zapiski, 1938–1947 (Moscow, 1989), 383.
6. Allan Bullock, Ernest Bevin, Foreign Secretary, 1945–1951 (London, 1983), 393–94.
7. V. F. Zima, Golod v SSSR 1946–1947 godov: proiskhozdenie i posledstviia (Moscow, 1996), 179.
8. Georges Bidault, Resistance: The Political Autobiography of Georges Bidault (New York, 1965), 143.
9. Ibid., 142.
10. Michael Creswell, A Question of Balance: How France and the United States Created Cold War Europe (Cambridge, Mass., 2006), 10–11, and Marc Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963 (Princeton, N.J., 1999), 66–70.
11. Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York, 1973), 263.
12. Secretary Marshall, Fourth Meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministers, report, Apr. 28, 1947, at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade23.asp.
13. George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950 (Boston, 1967), 325–26.
14. Kennan to Acheson, May 23, 1947, in FRUS 1947, British Commonwealth; Europe, 3:223–30. For reflections, see Kennan, Memoirs, 325–37.
15. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York, 1969), 226–35; Gregory A. Fossedal, Our Finest Hour: Will Clayton, the Marshall Plan, and the Triumph of Democracy (Stanford, Calif., 1993), 212–34.
16. Marshall, remarks, June 5, 1947, in FRUS 1947, British Commonwealth; Europe, 3:237–39.
17. Quoted in Trachtenberg, Constructed Peace, 56.
18. Bohlen, Witness to History, 264.
19. Doc. 35, Jan. 31, 1947, in G. P. Kynin and Jochen Laufer, eds., SSSR i germanskii vopros, 1941–1949: dokumenty iz arkhiva vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi Federastsii (Moscow, 2003), 3:244–64.
20. Bevin quoted in Bullock, Ernest Bevin, 405, and with a slight variation in Bidault, Resistance, 151.
21. Caffery to Marshall, June 18, 1947, in FRUS 1947, British Commonwealth; Europe, 3:258.
22. Scott D. Parrish and Mikhail M. Narinsky, “New Evidence on the Soviet Rejection of the Marshall Plan, 1947: Two Reports,” CWIHP Working Paper no. 9 (Mar. 1994), 46; hereafter Narinsky, “Soviet Union and Marshall Plan.”
23. Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, Mass., 1996), 276.
24. Novikov, Vospominanya diplomata: zapiski, 394; also Novikov letter, June 9, 1947, doc. 198 in Sovetsko-Amerikanskie Otnosheniya, 1945–1948.
25. Narinsky, “Soviet Union and Marshall Plan,” 47.
26. Alan S. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945–1951 (Berkeley, Calif., 1984), 64.
27. Scott D. Parrish, “The Turn Toward Confrontation: The Soviet Reaction to the Marshall Plan, 1947,” CWIHP Working Paper no. 9 (1994), 24–25.
28. Galina Takhnenko, “Anatomy of the Political Decision: Notes on the Marshall Plan,” International Affairs (Moscow and Minneapolis) (July 1992), 111–27.
29. Caffery to Marshall, June 29, 1947, in FRUS 1947, British Commonwealth; Europe, 3:301.
30. Doc. 203 in Sovetsko-Amerikanskie Otnosheniya, 1945–1948.
31. A recent example is Michael Cox and Caroline Kennedy-Pope, “The Tragedy of American Diplomacy? Rethinking the Marshall Plan,” Journal of Cold War Studies (2005), 97–134. The classic account is Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, Calif., 1992), 513–15.
32. Greg Behrman, The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped Save Europe (New York, 2007), 86–87.
33. William Appelman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1959), 206.
34. Sto sorok besed s Molotovym: iz dnevnika F. Chueva (Moscow, 1991), 87–88.
35. For an overview, see Nicolaus Mills, Winning the Peace: The Marshall Plan and America’s Coming of Age as a Superpower (Hoboken, N.J., 2008), 155–68.
36. Milward, Reconstruction of Western Europe, 125.
37. Barry Eichengreen, The European Economy Since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond (Princeton, N.J., 2007), 65.
38. Wolfgang Leonhard, Die Revolution entlässt ihre Kinder (1955; Cologne, 2010), 564–69, 576–78.
39. Vladimir Tismăneanu, Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism (London, 2003), 91–94.
40. Marietta Stankova, “Das parteipolitische System in Bulgarien 1944–1949: Äussere Einflüsse und innere Faktoren,” in Stefan Creuzberger and Manfred Görtemaker, eds., Gleichschaltung unter Stalin? Die Entwicklung der Parteien im östlichen Europa 1944–1949 (Paderborn, 2002), 200.
41. Dimitrov to Stalin, doc. 175 in T. V. Volokitina et al., eds., Sovetskii faktor v Vostochnoi Evrope, 1944–1953 (Moscow, 1999), 1:491–92.
42. Ibid., 1:15.
43. László Borhi, Hungary in the Cold War, 1945–1956: Between the United States and the Soviet Union (New York, 2004), 123.
44. János M. Rainer, “Revisiting Hungarian Communism,” in Vladimir Tismăneanu, ed., Stalinism Revisited: The Establishment of Communist Regimes in East-Central Europe (Budapest and New York, 2009), 231–54.
45. János M. Rainer, “Der Weg der ungarischen Volksdemokratie: Das Mehrparteiensystem und seine Beseitigung 1944–1949,” in Creuzberger and Görtemaker, Gleichschaltung unter Stalin, 348; Peter Kenez, Hungary from the Nazis to the Soviets: The Establishment of the Communist Regime in Hungary, 1944–1948 (New York, 2006), 262–65.
46. Doc. 127, Czech CP report, not later than Nov. 2, 1946, in Volokitina et al., Sovetskii faktor v Vostochnoi Evrope, 1: 363–65.
47. Parrish, “Turn Toward Confrontation,” 25–26; Zubok and Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War, 106.
48. Narinsky, “Soviet Union and Marshall Plan,” 49–50.
49. Doc. 166 in Volokitina et al., Sovetskii faktor, 1:462–65. For Gottwald’s leaked telegram, see Steinhardt to Secretary of State, July 10, 1947, in FRUS 1947, British Commonwealth; Europe, 3:319–20.
50. Quoted in R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Jan Masaryk: A Personal Memoir (New York, 1951), 66.
51. Bradley Abrams, “Hope Died Last: The Czechoslovak Road to Stalinism,” in Tismăneanu, Stalinism Revisited, 351.
52. Smith to Secretary of State, July 11, 1947, in FRUS 1947, British Commonwealth; Europe, 3:327.
53. Doc. 169 in Volokitina et al., Vostochnaya Evropa, 1:505–13.
54. Keith to Secretary of State, July 7, 1947, in FRUS 1947, British Commonwealth; Europe, 3:313.
55. Griffis to Secretary of State, report of the meeting the previous day, July 10, 1947, in FRUS 1947, British Commonwealth; Europe, 3:320–22.