25. Felix I. Chuev, Molotov: Poluderzhavnyii vlastelin (Moscow, 2000), 548–51.
26. Orlando Figes, The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin’s Russia (New York, 2007), 518–19.
27. Yuri Slezkine, Jewish Century (Princeton, N.J., 2004), 313.
28. Shepilov, Neprimknushii, 223; Konstantin M. Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokkoleniia: razmyshleniya o J. V. Staline (Moscow, 1990), 206–7.
29. Stalin, Sochineniia, 16:227–29.
30. Ibid., 16:74–79.
31. Ibid., 16:194.
32. Ibid., 16:584–87.
33. Gorlizki and Khlevniuk, Cold Peace, 148–49.
34. Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokkoleniia, 209–12.
35. Nikita Khrushchev, Memoirs, vol. 2, Reformer (University Park, Pa., 2006), 113; Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politikika Stalina, 654–63.
36. Stalin, Sochineniia, 18:588–90; Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokkoleniia, 209–14.
37. David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb (New Haven, Conn., 1994), 292–93, 431n126.
38. “Istoriya bolezin I. V. Stalina” is analyzed in Brent and Naumov, Stalin’s Last Crime, 312–21.
39. Myasnikov is listed as one of the authors of “Istoriya bolezin I. V. Stalina.” See his Ya lechil Stalina: is sekretnikh arkhivov SSSR (Moscow, 2011), chap. 9; also Moskovskii Komsomolets, Apr. 21, 2011.
40. Kitchlu’s remarks are in Harrison E. Salisbury, Moscow Journaclass="underline" The End of Stalin (Chicago, 1961), 327, 332.
41. Alliluyeva, Dvadtsat pisem k drugu, 10, 182.
42. Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History (New York, 2003), 476–77.
43. Doc. 547, in FRUS, 1952–1954. Eastern Europe; Soviet Union; Eastern Mediterranean, 7:1083–85.
44. Doc. 554, ibid., 7:1099.
45. Doc. 557, ibid., 7:1102–3.
46. Salisbury, Moscow Journal, 340–49.
47. Grossman, Vse technet, 28–29.
48. Quoted in Irina Paperno, Stories of the Soviet Experience: Memoirs, Diaries, Dreams (Ithaca, N.Y., 2009), 28.
49. Their joint memoir is R. D. Orlova and Lev Kopelev, My zhile v Moskve: 1956–1980 (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1988).
50. Catherine Merridale, Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Twentieth-Century Russia (New York, 2001), 257–69.
51. Quoted in Frierson and Vilensky, Children of the Gulag, 354.
52. See Vladimir Koslov, Sergei V. Mironenko, eds., Kramola—inakomyslie v SSSR pri Khrushcheve i Brezhneve, 1953–1982 gg. (Moscow, 2005), 65–98. Juliane Fürst, Stalin’s Last Generation: Soviet Post-War Youth and the Emergence of Mature Socialism (Oxford, U.K., 2010), 122–23.
53. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918–1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation (New York, 1978), 3:406–22.
54. Note 561, Mar. 10, 1953, in FRUS, 1952–1954. Eastern Europe; Soviet Union; Eastern Mediterranean, 7:1108–9.
55. Georgi Markov, The Truth That Killed (New York, 1984), 57.
56. Vladimir Tismăneanu, “Diabolical Pedagogy and the (Il)logic of Stalinism in Eastern Europe,” in Vladimir Tismăneanu, ed., Stalinism Revisited: The Establishment of Communist Regimes in East-Central Europe (New York, 2009), 47.
57. E. A. Rees, “Introduction: The Sovietization of Eastern Europe,” in Balázs Apor, Péter Apor, and E. A. Rees, eds., The Sovietization of Eastern Europe: New Perspectives on the Postwar Period (Washington, D.C., 2008), 13. Zhihua Shen and Yafeng Xia, “Between Aid and Restriction: Changing Soviet Policies Toward China’s Nuclear Weapons Program: 1954–1960,” Nuclear Proliferation History Project, Working Paper 2 (2012).
EPILOGUE
1. Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times (New York, 2005), 67–69.
2. Noel E. Firth and James H. Noren, Soviet Defense Spending: A History of CIA Estimates (College Station, Tex., 1998); Vladislav M. Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2007), 299.
3. Amy Knight, Beria: Stalin’s First Lieutenant (Princeton, N.J., 1993), 180–91.
4. Doc. 4 in V. Naumov and Y. Sigachev, eds., Laverenty Beria. 1953. Stenogramma iiulskogo plenuma TsK CPSS i drugie dokumenty (Moscow, 1999), 21–23.
5. Pravda, April 4, 6, 7, 1953.
6. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918–1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation (New York, 1978), 3:285–331.
7. Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History (New York, 2003), 506–13.
8. Nikita S. Khrushchev, Doklad na zakrytom zasedanii XX Sezda KPSS: o kulte lichnosti i ego posledstviiakh (Moscow, 1959), 9.
9. Ibid., 28.
10. Albert P. Van Goudoever, The Limits of Destalinization in the Soviet Union: Political Rehabilitation in the Soviet Union Since Stalin (New York, 1986), 8.
11. Applebaum, Gulag, 580.
12. Solzhenitsyn, Gulag Archipelago, 3:451.
13. Nanci Adler, The Gulag Survivor: Beyond the Soviet System (New Brunswick, N.J., 2002), 31–33.
14. Stephen F. Cohen, The Victims Return: Survivors of the Gulag After Stalin (Exeter, N.H., 2010), 4.
15. Pavel Polian, Ne po svoyey vole. Istoriya i geografiya prinuditel’nykh migratsii v SSSR (Moscow, 2001), 143–56.
16. For the complete story, see Y. Afiani and N. G. Tomilina, eds., A za mnoiu shum pogoni: Boris Pasternak i vlast: dokumenty 1956–1972 (Moscow, 2001).
17. Zubok, Failed Empire, 342.
18. Alexander Yakovlev, “Doklad Komissii pri Prezidente Rossiiskoi Federatsii po reabilitatsii zertv polititseskikh repressii,” report, Feb. 2, 2000, at http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/personal-archive/articles/7141.
19. Measures are in 1990 U.S. dollars; findings of Angus N. Maddison, Monitoring the World Economy (Paris, 1995), recomputed as table 1.1 in Robert C. Allen, Farm to Factory: A Reinterpretation of the Soviet Industrial Revolution (Princeton, N.J., 2003), 5.
20. Tina Rosenberg, The Haunted Land: Facing Europe’s Ghosts After Communism (New York, 1995).
21. For the OECD figures from 1990 to 1998, see Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris, 2001), 184–85, table A1-b.
22. “The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Quality-of-Life Index,” Economist, Sept. 5, 2007: http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf.
23. E. A. Rees, “Conclusion: Crisis of the Soviet Model and De-Sovietization,” in Balázs Apor, Péter Apor, and E. A. Rees, eds., The Sovietization of Eastern Europe: New Perspectives on the Postwar Period (Washington, D.C., 2008), 288–89.