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24. Scott Shane, Dismantling Utopia: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994), 75–98.

25. Cohen, Victims Return, 174.

Illustration Credits

ill.1 Police photos taken of Stalin after his arrest in Baku, Azerbaijan, 1908. Courtesy of Rue des Archives/The Granger Collection, New York.

ill.2 Stalin and Khrushchev with members of the Communist Young Pioneers, c. 1935. Courtesy of Rue des Archives/The Granger Collection, New York.

ill.3 Stalin with George C. Marshall, Archibald Clark Kerr, Harry Hopkins, and others at the Tehran Conference, 1943. Courtesy of The Granger Collection, New York.

ill.4 Truman, Stalin, and others at the Potsdam Conference, 1945. Courtesy of ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York.

ill.5 Roosevelt and Churchill, New Year’s Day, 1942, in Alexandria, Virginia. Courtesy of The Granger Collection, New York.

ill.6 Bernard Montgomery, Georgi Zhukov, and Konstantin Rokossovsky at a military ceremony, 1945. Courtesy of ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York.

ill.7 Celebration of Stalin’s seventieth birthday, 1949. Courtesy of ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York.

ill.8 Theater production in honor of Stalin’s life, Bolshoi Theater, 1951. Courtesy of ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York.

ill.9 Propaganda poster of Stalin, 1952. Courtesy of ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York.

ill.10 Seventh World Congress of the Communist International in Moscow, 1935. Courtesy of ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York.

ill.11 Yugoslav Communist Partisan guerrilla leadership at Vis, Yugoslavia, 1944. Courtesy of ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York.

ill.12 Communist leaders of Hungary, c. 1935. Courtesy of ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York.

ill.13 Polish leader Władisław Gomułka. Courtesy of Rue des Archives/The Granger Collection, New York.

ill.14 Newly appointed Czechoslovakian cabinet, 1948. Courtesy of ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York.

ill.15 Romanian leaders in 1950. Courtesy of Fototeca (Romanian Online communism photo).

ill.16 Berlin Airlift, 1948. Courtesy of The Granger Collection, New York.

Index

Page numbers in italics refer to maps.

Abakumov, Viktor, 12.1, 20.1, 21.1, 21.2

Acheson, Dean, 15.1, 17.1, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2

Ackermann, Anton

Adenauer, Konrad

Administration for State Security (UDNa)

Adzhiatman

Agitprop Science Section

Agrarian Party

Agricultural Academy, Soviet

Airey, Terence

Air Force, U.S.

Akhmatova, Anna, 12.1, 12.2

Akmolinsk, Kazakhstan

Alamogordo, N. Mex.

Albania, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 20.1

Albanian Communist Party, 15.1, 20.1

Albanian Democratic Front

“album procedure,” 2.1

Alexander, Harold, 6.1, 15.1

Alexander II, Tsar of Russia

Alexandrov, Gregory

Alien Shadow (Simonov)

Államvédelmi Hatóság (ÁVH) (State Security Authority) (“Avoh”)

Allied Combined Chiefs of Staff

Allied Control Commission, 8.1, 14.1

Allied Control Council (ACC), 9.1, 13.1, 14.1, 16.1, 16.2

Allied Expeditionary Forces (AEF), 6.1, 6.2, 16.1

Alliluyeva, Nadezhda

Alliluyeva, Svetlana, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2, 20.1, 21.1, 21.2

Alsace, 6.1, 10.1

Altai region

ALZhIR (“camp for wives of traitors to the motherland”)

American Greek War Relief Association

Animal Farm (Orwell)

anti-Communism, 3.1, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2, 15.1, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5

“anticosmopolitan campaign,” 12.1, 20.1, 21.1, 21.2

Anti-Fascist Committee for National Liberation, 15.1, 15.2

Anti-Fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ), 15.1, 15.2, 15.3

anti-Semitism, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 14.6, 14.7, 14.8, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4, 20.5, 20.6, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3

“anti-Soviet elements,”

Antonescu, Ion, 4.1, 14.1

Antonov, Aleksei I., 4.1, 6.1, 6.2

Archer, Ernest

Ardahan

Armenians, 8.1, 11.1

Army Air Forces, U.S.

Army Group Center, German

Army Group North, German

Asia, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 18.1, 19.1

assassinations, 1.1, 2.1, 7.1

Athens

Atlantic Charter (1941), 3.1, 4.1, 9.1

Atlantic Wall

atomic bomb, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 12.1, 19.1

Attlee, Clement

Auschwitz concentration camp

Australia, 19.1, epl.1, epl.2

Austria, fm2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 18.1

Austrian Communist Party (KPÖ)

Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

Baberowski, Jörg

Babi Yar massacre (1941)

Bagirov, Mir Jafar, 8.1, 8.2

Baichorov, Ismail

Baku, 1.1, 8.1

Balkan states, 5.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 18.1

Balkars, 11.1, 21.1, epl.1

Baltic Sea

Baltic states, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 7.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, epl.1

Batumi, Georgia

Bavaria

BBC

Beam, Jacob

Beaverbrook, Max Aitken, Lord

Belarus

Belgium, 3.1, 6.1, 8.1, 10.1, 16.1, 16.2, 19.1

Belgrade, 3.1, 15.1, 15.2, 18.1

Benelux countries

Beneš, Edvard, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3

Beria, Lavrenti, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 13.1, 16.1, 18.1, 19.1, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4, epl.1

Beria, Sergo, 4.1, 21.1

Berlin, itr.1, itr.2, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 13.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, 19.2, 20.1, 20.2

Berlin Airlift (1948–49), 18.1, 19.1

Berlin Wall, 18.1, 20.1, 20.2

Bern, Switzerland

Bessarabia

Bevin, Ernest, 9.1, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 18.1

Bezpieka (Bezpieczénstwo)

Bidault, Georges, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4

Bierut, Bolesław, 5.1, 8.1, 13.1, 20.1

Bihác, Bosnia

Black Book on the Holocaust in the Soviet Union, The,

black markets, 16.1, 16.2, 18.1

Black Sea, 4.1, 8.1, 18.1

Bloc of Democratic Parties (BDP)

Blum, Léon

Bobruisk

Bohemia

Bohlen, Charles “Chip,” itr.1, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 17.1, 17.2, 21.1

Bohr, Niels

Bolshakov, Ivan

Bolsheviks, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 10.1, 12.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 20.1, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3

Boris III, King of Bulgaria, 14.1, 14.2

Bór-Komorowski, Tadeusz

Borisov

Bosnia, 15.1, 15.2

Bradley, Omar

Breslau (Wrocław), 6.1, 6.2, 13.1

Brezhnev, Leonid, 2.1, epl.1

Britain, Battle of

Browder, Earl

Brügel, Johann Wolfgang

Bucharest, 4.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3

Budapest, 6.1, 14.1, 14.2

Budyonny, Semyon

Bughici, Simion

Bukharin, Nikolai, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 18.1, epl.1

Bukharin, Yuri

Bulganin, Nikolai, 21.1, epl.1

Bulgaria, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 15.6, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 20.1, 20.2