9. Vosemnadtsatyi s”ezd Vsesoyuznoi Kommunisticheskoi Partii (b), p. 29.
10. Ibid., pp. 29–30.
11. See his comments at the conference on propaganda on 1 October 1938: ‘I. V. Stalin o “Kratkom kurse po istorii VKP(b)”. Stenogramma vystupleniya no soveshchanii propagandistov Moskvy i Leningrada’, Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 5 (1994), pp. 12–13.
12. Vosemnadtsatyi s”ezd Vsesoyuznoi Kommunisticheskoi Partii (b), pp. 515–17.
13. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina, p. 235.
14. See N. Petrov, ‘The GUlag as Instrument of the USSR’s Punitive System’ in E. Dundovich, F. Gori and E. Guercetti (eds), Reflections on the Gulag, p. 22.
15. Vosemnadtsatyi s”ezd Vsesoyuznoi Kommunisticheskoi Partii (b), p. 26.
34. The World in Sight
1. The exception was their brief collaboration in the Bolshevik robbery organisation before the First World War.
2. See D. Watson, ‘The Politburo and Foreign Policy in the 1930s’, pp. 149–50.
3. The foreign-policy discussions of the 1930s were amenable to thorough scholarly investigation only from the late 1980s, when archives started to be published more readily and even to become directly accessible.
4. O voprosakh leninizma in I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 8, p. 64.
5. See R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 3, p. 136.
6. M. Buber-Neumann, Von Potsdam nach Moskau, p. 284.
7. I am grateful to Katya Andreyev for her comments on inter-war Soviet foreign policy.
8. Dimitrov and Stalin, 1934–1943, p. 13.
9. Semnadtsatyi s”ezd Vsesoyuznoi kommunisticheskoi partii (b), pp. 13–14.
10. Dimitrov and Stalin, 1934–1943, p. 18.
11. A. Kriegel and S. Courtois, Eugen Fried, pp. 255–61.
12. J. Hochman, The Soviet Union and the Failure of Collective Security, 1934–1938, pp. 43–51.
13. G. Dimitrov, Diario. Gli anni di Mosca (1934–1945), p. 203.
14. Ibid., pp. 46–7.
15. Endnote 10 in Dimitrov and Stalin, 1934–1943, p. 50.
16. P. Togliatti, Opere, vol. 4, part 1, pp. 258–72.
35. Approaches to War
1. See S. Alieva (ed.), Tak eto bylo, vol. 1, pp. 44, 50, 86 and 96.
2. See above, pp. 169 and 203.
3. See above, p. 267.
4. Dimitrov and Stalin, 1934–1943, p. 28.
5. Ibid., p. 32, citing Dimitrov’s diary. I have re-translated the phrase na ruku.
6. Editorial notes of A. Dallin and F. I. Firsov, Dimitrov and Stalin, p. 34.
7. Editorial notes of ibid., p. 108.
8. See H. P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, p. 351.
9. See J. Erickson, The Soviet High Command, p. 522.
10. See C. Andrew and V. Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive, p. 300.
11. See G. Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, pp. 57–8, 135–6 and 180.
12. See below, pp. 362–3.
36. The Devils Sup
1. ‘“Avtobiograficheskie zametki” V. N. Pavlova — perevodchika I. V. Stalina’, p. 98.
2. Ibid., p. 99.
3. See R. Overy, Russia’s War, p. 49.
4. V. N. Pavlov, ‘Predistoriya 1939 goda’, Svobodnaya mysl’, no. 7 (1999), pp. 109–10.
5. A. Mikoyan, Tak bylo, p. 392.
6. See above, p. 178.
7. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 54.
8. See K. Sword (ed.), The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939–1941.
9. See H. Shukman and A. Chubaryan (eds), Stalin and the Soviet–Finnish War, 1939–1940, especially Stalin’s comments on the failures and successes of the campaign, pp. 236–7.
10. Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes, p. 154.
11. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 19.
12. See H. P. von Strandmann, ‘Obostryaushchiesya paradoksy: Gitler, Stalin i germano-sovetskie ekonomicheskie svyazi. 1939–1941’, p. 376.
13. See J. Erickson, The Soviet High Command, p. 566.
14. See G. Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, p. 129–35.
15. Dimitrov in Zastol’nye rechi Stalina, p. 234.
16. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, pp. 40–1.
17. G. Dimitrov, Diario. Gli anni di Mosca (1934–1945), p. 302.
18. N. Lyashchenko, ‘O vystuplenii I. V. Stalina v Kremle, 5 maya 1941’, Volkogonov Papers, reel no. 8, p. 1.
19. G. Dimitrov, Diario. Gli anni di Mosca (1934–1945), p. 310.
20. These comments come from the notes taken by V. A. Malyshev: ‘Proidët desyatok let, i eti vstrechi ne vosstanovish’ uzhe v pamyati’, p. 117.
21. See D. Glantz, Stumbling Colossus, p. 97.
22. L. Samuelson, Plans for Stalin’s War Machine, p. 199.
23. N. Lyashchenko, ‘O vystuplenii I. V. Stalina v Kremle, 5 maya 1941’, Volkogonov Papers, reel 8, p. 3. The episode was recounted to Lyashchenko by Minister of Defence Semën Timoshenko.
37. Barbarossa
1. G. K. Zhukov, Vospominaniya i razmyshleniya, vol. 2, p. 8.
2. Ibid., p. 9.
3. See the archivally based account of G. Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, p. 311.
4. G. K. Zhukov, Vospominaniya i razmyshleniya, vol. 2, p. 9.
5. Ibid., pp. 9–10.
6. Ibid., p. 10.
7. Ibid., pp. 12–13.
8. G. Dimitrov, Diario. Gli anni di Mosca (1934–1945), p. 319.
9. See G. Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, pp. 275–8; D. Glantz, Stumbling Colossus, p. 242.
10. See G. Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, pp. 53–5.
11. G. K. Zhukov, Vospominaniya i razmyshleniya, vol. 2, p. 9.
12. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 60.
13. ‘Zhurnal poseshcheniya I. V. Stalina v ego Kremlëvskom kabinete’ in Yu. Gor’kov, Gosudarstvennyi Komitet Oborony postanovlyaet, pp. 223–4.
14. Ibid.
15. G. K. Zhukov, Vospominaniya i razmyshleniya, vol. 2, p. 73.
16. ‘Zhurnal poseshcheniya I. V. Stalina v ego Kremlëvskom kabinete’, loc. cit., pp. 223–4.
17. A. Mikoyan. Tak bylo, p. 390.
18. Ibid., p. 391. Molotov recorded that Stalin ‘wasn’t himself’ that day but insisted that his mood was firm: Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 60.
19. A. Mikoyan. Tak bylo, pp. 391–2.
20. Pravda, 1 July 1941.