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4. See V. Zemskov, ‘Prinuditel’nye migratsii iz Pribaltiki’, pp. 13–14.

5. See E. Bacon, The Gulag at War, pp. 93–4.

6. N. A. Antipenko, Ryadom s G. K. Zhukovym i K. K. Rokossovskim, p. 71.

7. F. Gori and S. Pons (eds), The Soviet Union and Europe in the Cold War, 1943–1953, especially the account by A. Filitov, pp. 5–22.

8. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, pp. 148–9.

9. S. Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem k drugu, pp. 176–7.

10. See A. Applebaum, Gulag, pp. 424–5; Y. Gorlizki and O. Khlevniuk, Cold Peace. Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945–1953, pp. 127–9.

11. It must be added, however, that Stalin did not repeat his paean to the Russians even on this occasion: perhaps he was getting worried about over-encouragement of Russian nationalism: Pravda, 7 September 1947.

12. For examples see Resheniya partii i pravitel’stva po khozyaistvennym voprosam, vol. 3, pp. 350 ff.

13. See A. Pyzhikov, Khrushchëvskii ‘ottepel’’, p. 19.

14. See A. Nove, Economic History of the USSR, p. 308.

15. See W. Taubman, Khrushchëv: The Man and His Era, p. 201.

16. N. S. Khrushchëv, ‘Memuary Nikity Sergeevicha Khrushchëva’, Voprosy istorii, no. 11 (1991), p. 38.

17. See R. Service, Lenin: A Biography, pp. 88–9. I am grateful to Mark Harrison for the point about Stalin’s assumption about the peasantry.

18. See the forthcoming book on post-war Soviet youth by J. Fuerst.

19. The exception, after the war, was Nikolai Voznesenski: see below, p. 535.

20. See above, pp. 294–7.

21. See below, p. 522.

22. See G. Bordyugov, ‘Ukradënnaya pobeda’; Ye. Zubkova, ‘Obshchestvennaya atmosfera posle voiny (1945–1946)’, p. 12; D. Filtzer, Soviet Workers and Late Stalinism, pp. 1–5.

46. The Outbreak of the Cold War

1. See M.P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, pp. 56–9.

2. See ibid., pp. 19 and 115.

3. Ibid., p. 148.

4. Vostochnaya Evropa v dokumentakh rossiiskikh arkhivov, 1944–1953 gg., vol. 1, p. 673.

5. Quoted by R. Pikhoya, Sovetskii Soyuz: istoriya vlasti, 1945–1991, p. 26.

6. Vostochnaya Evropa v dokumentakh rossiiskikh arkhivov, 1944–1953 gg., vol. 1, p. 673.

7. Ibid., pp. 673–5.

8. The Cominform: Minutes of the Three Conferences, pp. 270 ff.

9. M. G. Pervukhin, ‘Kak byla reshena atomnaya problema v nashei strane’, p. 133.

10. Ibid.

11. See above, p. 95.

12. See D. Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, p. 211.

13. See V. Zubok and C. Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War, pp. 58–9.

14. Quoted in ibid., p. 59.

15. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 118.

47. Subjugating Eastern Europe

1. Vostochnaya Evropa v dokumentakh rossiiskikh arkhivov, 1944–1953 gg., vol. 1, pp. 118–33.

2. Ibid., p. 303.

3. Ibid., p. 443.

4. See G. Dimitrov’s letter to Molotov about the composition of the Polish communist leadership, 18 January 1944: SSSR — Pol’sha. Mekhanizmy podchineniya. 1944–1949. Sbornik dokumentov, pp. 21–2. On the attitude of communists of Jewish background see Jakub Berman’s testimony in T. Toranska, Oni: Stalin’s Polish Puppets, p. 321.

5. See M. Mazower, Dark Continent, pp. 12–25.

6. The Cominform: Minutes of the Three Conferences, p. 82.

7. Ibid., pp. 226 and 244.

8. Ibid., p. 240.

9. Ibid., pp. 296 and 302.

10. See S. Pons, ‘The Twilight of the Cominform’, in ibid., pp. 483–4.

11. Ibid., pp. 496–7.

12. Ibid., pp. 610–19.

13. See L. Gibianskii, editorial comment in ibid., p. 654.

14. See below, pp. 567–9.

15. See below, pp. 576–7.

48. Stalinist Rulership

1. S. Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem k drugu, p. 177. Svetlana in this memoir fudged the fact that they stayed in separate dachas.

2. Visit by author: 11 September 2002. I am grateful to Liana Khvarchelia and Manana Gurgulia for their efforts in obtaining access to the dacha for me.

3. Quoted in D. Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediya: politicheskii portret I. V. Stalina, vol. 1, part 1, p. 41.

4. Unpublished memoirs of Kandide Charkviani, p. 55.

5. A. Mgeladze, Stalin, kakim ya ego znal, p. 65; Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, pp. 65 and 181.

6. Interview with L. F. Ilichëv: ‘Stalin i “Pravda”: rabochii kontakt’.

7. See Y. Gorlicki and O. Khlevniuk, Cold Peace, pp. 19–29.

8. See below, p. 567–8.

9. Politbyuro TsK VKP(b) i Sovet Ministrov SSSR, 1945–1953, p. 313.

10. Ibid., pp. 326–7.

11. Ibid., p. 200.

12. Politbyuro TsK VKP(b) i Sovet Ministrov SSSR, 1945–1953, p. 198.

13. Ibid., p. 224.

14. T. Toranska, Oni: Stalin’s Polish Puppets, p. 235.

15. A. Mgeladze, Stalin, kakim ya ego znal, p. 113.

16. V. Semichastnyi, Bespokoinoe serdtse, p. 41. Apparently Khrushchëv tried to maintain a more conventional life-style schedule: ibid., p. 46.

17. A. A. Gromyko, Pamyatnoe, vol. 2, p. 326.

18. Testimony of Yakub Berman: T. Toranska, Oni: Stalin’s Polish Puppets, p. 337.

19. K. Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniya, p. 139.

20. K. Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniya, p. 139.

21. P. A. Sudoplatov and A. Sudoplatov, Special Tasks, p. 328

22. Politbyuro TsK VKP(b) i Sovet Ministrov SSSR, pp. 28–9.

23. Ibid., pp. 30–2 and 51.

24. Ibid., p. 29.

25. Ibid., pp. 421–31. See Y. Gorlizki, ‘Stalin’s Cabinet: The Politburo and Decision-Making in the Post-War Years’ for a fuller account.

26. Neizvestnyi Zhukov, pp. 476–7.

27. See below, p. 534–5.

49. Policies and Purges

1. O. V. Khlevnyuk, ‘Stalin i Molotov. Edinolichnaya diktatura i predposylki “oligarkhizatsiya”’, p. 281.

2. Ibid., pp. 283–4.

3. Ibid., p. 26.

4. ‘Dve besedy I. V. Stalina s General’nym Sekretarëm Ob”edinënnykh Natsii Tryugve Li’, Novaya i noveishaya istoriya, no. 3 (2001), pp. 111–12.