Stalin: A Biography

^{3. Stalin’s first wife Ketevan Svanidze.}

^{4. The balcony of one of the houses Stalin grew up in — a shrine-complex was erected over it in the 1930s.}

^{5. The Mantashëv Shoe Factory in Tbilisi. Once a place of dirt and poverty it is now being turned into luxury flats.}

^{6. The front of the Tiflis Spiritual Seminary. It is now a museum of Georgian national culture.}

^{7. The Physical Observatory on Mikhailovski Street.}

^{8. Stalin as a young man. This photo has been heavily ‘improved’ by Stalinist air-brushers.}

^{9. Vladimir Lenin. Taken in January 1918, this was his first official portrait after the October Revolution (and after he had regrown his beard).}

^{10. Group photograph of Bolshevik exiles in Turukhansk District Stalin, wearing a black hat, stands at the back next to his friend (at that time) Lev Kamenev. Yakov Sverdlov, sporting a bouffant hairstyle and spectacles, is seated to the right.}

^{11. Nadezhda Krupskaya.}

^{12. Lev Trotski.}

^{13. Lev Kamenev}

^{14. Grigori Zinoviev}

^{15. Nikolai Bukharin.}

^{16. General Secretary Stalin in 1924. This was an official portrait by M. S. Nappelbaum.}

^{17. Stalin’s second wife Nadezhda Allilueva — Nadya.}

^{18. Stalin gives daughter Svetlana a cuddle.}

^{19. Stalin’s first son Yakob Dzhughashvili after being taken prisoner by the Wehrmacht.}

^{20. Stalin’s son Vasili at the controls of his aircraft.}

^{21. Stalin in 1932.}

^{22. ‘Stalin’s Pipe’. The smoke coils around wreckers and kulaks. Drawn by V. N. Deni, it appeared in Pravda on 25 February 1930.}

^{23. Mikhail Kalinin, Lazar Kaganovich, Sergo Ordzhonikidze, Stalin, Kliment Voroshilov and Sergei Kirov at a celebration of Stalin’s fiftieth birthday.}

^{24. Anastas Mikoyan gesticulates to Maxim Gorki and Kliment Voroshilov.}

^{25. Stalin together with Vyacheslav Molotov.}

^{26. Line drawing by V. N. Deni: Stalin stands in Napoleonic pose with modern industrial structures and a banner of Lenin in the background.}

^{27. ‘Stalin’s Ally’: cartoon in the Daily Telegraph, 6 October 1939.}

^{28. The Plutocratic-Bolshevik Wedding’: Nazi cartoon in Preussische Zeitung, 16 July 1941. A Hasidic Jew unites Stalin and Churchill in marriage. Molotov and Halifax stand behind them.}

^{29. Stalin’s work desk in the carriage.}

^{30. Stalin’s rail carriage FD 3878.}

^{31. Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill at the Yalta Conference in February 1945.}

^{32. Generalissimus Stalin in 1945. The image disguises the haggard reality of his appearance.}

^{33. Post-war poster: Stalin shakes hands with a military officer. The caption runs: ‘Work so as to be thanked by comrade Stalin!’}

^{34. Post-war poster with children gazing adoringly at Stalin and saying: ‘Thank you, our dear Stalin, for our happy childhood!’}

^{35. Stalin’s Kholodnaya Rechka dacha, viewed from the garden.}

^{36. The cinema gallery at the Kholodnaya Rechka dacha.}

^{37. The Italian-made billiard table at the Kholodnaya Rechka dacha.}

^{38. Lavrenti Beria.}

^{39. Georgi Malenkov.}

^{40. Stalin’s desk in the Kremlin. It is now kept in the Stalin Museum in Gori.}

^{41. View across Lake Ritsa towards the mountains of the Caucasus. Stalin’s dacha lies in the middle on the distant shore.}

42. Poster: ‘Under the Leadership of the Great Stalin. Forward to Communism!’

^{43. Daily Worker (London) cartoon on the death of Stalin, 6 March 1953. Hardly an image of great technical accomplishment.}

^{44. Mourners queue to pay their last respects to Stalin in the Hall of Columns at the House of Unions.}

^{45. Stalin’s death mask.}

^{46. Shrine to Stalin built over and around one of his childhood homes in Gori.}

^{47. Stalin’s statue, still standing in the centre of Gori.}

About the Author

ROBERT SERVICE is the author of the highly acclaimed Lenin: A Biography (which won the US ForeWord magazine’s History Book of the Year Award in 2000), A History of Twentieth-Century Russia and Russia: Experiment with a People as well as many other books on Russia’s past and present. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and works at St Antony’s College, Oxford. He is married with four children.

Also by Robert Service

The Bolshevik Party in Revolution: A Study in Organisational Change

Lenin: A Political Life

Volume One: The Strengths of Contradiction

Volume Two: Worlds in Collision

Volume Three: The Iron Ring

The Russian Revolution, 1900–1927

A History of Twentieth-Century Russia

Lenin: A Biography

Russia: Experiment with a People

Comrades: Communism: A World History (publishing 2007)

Copyright

First published 2004 by Macmillan

This edition published 2005 by Pan Books

This electronic edition published 2008 by Pan Books

an imprint of Pan Macmillan Ltd