187. Malyshev, “Dnevnik narkoma,” 113; Na prieme, 312 (Malyshev wrongly dates it to Sept. 21).
188. Sontag and Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations, 188–9 (Ribbentrop to Schulenburg, Sept. 16, 1940), 198–9 (Tippelskirch to Ribbentrop, Sept. 26, 1940), 202 (text of German-Finnish diplomatic agreement on transit of German troops and equipment: Sept. 22, 1940), 201–2 (Ribbentrop to Tippelskirch, Oct. 2), 203–4 (Tippelskirch to Ribbentrop, Oct. 4).
189. Khaustov, “Deiatel’nost’ organov,” 247 (TsA FSB, f. 3, op. 5, d. 67, l. 28).
190. Iklé, German-Japanese Relations, 181–2 (citing International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Documents Presented in Evidence, exhibit 1215: privy council, Sept. 26, 1940); Chihiro, “Tripartite Pact 1939–1940,” and Ikuhiko, “Japanese-Soviet Confrontation,” 191–257.
191. Hosoya Chihiro, “The Tripartite Pact 1939–1940,” “Japanese-Soviet Confrontation,” 256 (citing Japanese Foreign Ministry archives, “Nichi-Doku-I sangoku jōyaku,” 228). In 1940, Japan celebrated the 2,600th anniversary of its empire, traced to mythical origins. Ruoff, Imperial Japan.
192. Trefousse, Germany and American Neutrality, 69.
193. Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, 24–5. “There is one common element in the ideology of Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union: opposition to the capitalist democracies of the West.” Fest, Hitler, 589–90.
194. Sontag and Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations, 197–9 (Tippelskirch to Ribbentrop, Sept. 26, 1940).
195. Weinberg, Germany and the Soviet Union, 136, citing NG–3074: 1–2 (memorandum).
196. Banac, Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 129. Moscow did not know but on that very day—the two-year anniversary of the German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and the Border—Hitler issued a directive to ramp up military outlays. Thomas, Geschichte, 432; Leach, German Strategy, 72. Stalin had begun to talk about disbanding the Comintern as early as spring or summer 1940, when the Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states; he would raise the issue again in April 1941. Dallin and Firsov, Dimitrov and Stalin. The Comintern would be dissolved in May 1943.
197. Bezymenskii, “Vizit V. M. Molotova v Berlin,” 126–7 (citing APRF, f. 56, op. 1, d. 1161, l. 3). Molotov also received a clarification on Sept. 26, 1940, from Tippelskirch. DVP SSSR, XXIII/i: 627–30 (AVP RF, f. 059, op. 1, p. 328, d. 2253, l. 144).
198. Elleman, International Competition, 131 (citing Gaimushō, file B100–JR/1, 2.1.00–23).
199. Gavrilov, Voennaia razvedka informiruet, 466–70 (Sept. 1940), 474–5 (RGVA, f. 29, op. 35, d. 98, l. 149ss–152ss: Oct. 2, 1940); Iampol’skii et al., Organy, I/i: 245–6 (TsA FSK). See also van Crefeld, Hitler’s Strategy, 69–72; Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, 41. Germany was also moving its troops through Finland to other locations, such as Norway.
200. Gafencu, Last Days of Europe, 133–6.
201. DGFP, series D, IX: 40–1 (Ribbentrop to embassy in Moscow, March 28, 1940), VIII: 53–4 (Schulenburg reply, March 30). Fabry, Die Sowjetunion und das Dritte Reich, 227; DBFP, 3rd series, V: 544 (Seeds to Halifax, May 19, 1938); Chuev, Molotov Remembers, 145. Ribbentrop sincerely strove to bring about a Hitler-Stalin meeting, “but this came to nothing because Hitler said that Stalin could not leave Russia and he could not leave Germany.” Ribbentrop, Memoirs, 148; Davidson, Trial of the Germans, 162.
202. Muggeridge, Ciano’s Diplomatic Papers, 402. On May 31, 1940, in light of the German successes in the West against France and Britain, Sorge had offered views on the basis of conversations with Germans in Tokyo, including some who had had contact with Ribbentrop. One group, according to Sorge, consisted of “young fascists” who wanted to follow a victory in the West with an immediate settling of scores with the USSR. Another group (“more important people”) sought continued peaceful relations with the USSR, given its political, economic, and military superiority over Germany. Of course, Hitler was the decider. Gavrilov, Voennaia razvedka informiruet, 433–4 (TsAMO, f. 23, op. 22425, d. 3, l. 359, 357).
203. Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 244.
204. “Iz istorii Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny,” 200.
205. Berling, Wspomnienia, I: 103–13, 168–76; The Katyń Forest Massacre: Hearings, 82nd Cong., 2nd Sess., March–April 1952, Part 3: 431–3, 488–90 (Henryk Szymanski), Part 4: 1233–4 (Józef Czapski). There is some discrepancy over the date of the meeting concerning the list; Berling gives Jan. 1941, Czapski and Szymanski, who heard about it, give fall 1940.
206. Kenez, “Picture of the Enemy,” 104. Other indications of war preparation included a secret inventory of films compiled in Oct. 1940, which listed some 200 titles, including the “particularly recommended” Circus (1936)—seen by more than 40 million Soviet inhabitants—Chapayev (1934), and Lenin in October (1938), to be relied upon for shoring up morale. Fomin, Kino na voine, 60–3. See also Salys, Films of Grigorii Aleksandrov, 295 (citing RGASPI, f. 77, op. 1, d. 908: Zhdanov complaints, Sept. 1940).
207. Saraeva-Bondr’, Siluety vremeni, 199; Aleksandrov, Epokha i kino, 220. See the review by Grigory Roshal, “Melodiia i dissonans,” Kino, 1940, no. 44: 1–3. Alexandrov had seen a Soviet version of the Cinderella story, Zolushka, by Viktor Ardov, at the Moscow Satire Theater in 1938. Salys, Films of Grigorii Aleksandrov, 281–340.
208. Pravda, June 18 and Oct. 31, 1940; RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 1124, l. 147–8 (letter to Bolshakov, Oct. 11, 1940), reprinted in Sochineniia, XVIII: 199–204, 205. See also Artizov and Naumov, Vlast’, 460–1 (RGASPI, f. 71, op. 10, d. 127, l. 399–400).
209. Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, 57 (citing Gafencu, Misiune la Moscova, raport 2384, 69–78: Gafencu to Sturdza, Sept. 21, 1940); Gibson, Ciano Diaries, 299–303 (Oct. 8, 12, 14, and 22, 1940).
210. Pravda, Oct. 16, 1940.
211. New York Times, Oct. 16, 1940.
212. It is said that Stalin disliked The Great Dictator. In any case, it was never released in the USSR. Konchalovsky, Inner Circle, 27.
213. DVP SSSR, XXIII/i: 674–6 (APRF, f. 3, op. 64, d. 341, l. 80–4: Vyshinsky); Dilks, Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 331 (brackets).
214. DVP SSSR, XXIII/i: 677–9 (AVP RF, f. 06, op. 2, pap. 3, d. 17, l. 50–5).
215. DGFP, series D, XI: 291–7; Halder, Kriegstagebuch, II: 148 (Oct. 15, 1940); Halder, Halder Diaries, I: 622–6; Fabry, Der Hitler-Stalin Pakt, 343–5.