Cinema for the Millions (Shumyatsky), 218
Circus (film), 293
cities:
food rationing in, 128
influx of migrants into, 72
civil defense service, arrests in, 414
Civil War in France, The (Marx), 494
class struggle, 5, 7, 11
culture and, 132
seen as inevitable by Marxists, 6, 553
sharpening of, 6, 29, 38, 59, 114, 116, 309, 389
Stalin’s view of, 143–44, 190, 389
Clausen, Max, 874–75, 890
Clausewitz, Carl von, 2, 730
collectives, 909
attempts to force peasants back into, 115
compared with Gulags, 227
household plots and livestock in, 226, 639
Kazakhs’ flight from, 106
maternity leave approved for, 227
mechanization of, 226
1936 constitution and, 352, 353
peasants’ flight from, 93, 99, 101, 117, 129, 405
population of, 606
stabilization of, 226, 305
collectivization, xii, 11, 53, 84, 87, 103, 120, 137, 138, 299, 308, 439, 485, 902
artels in, 35–36
assassination of rural officials in, 38
as cause of famine of 1931–33, 71, 128–29
forced implementation of, 10, 27, 29, 35, 39, 70, 71, 106, 127–28, 302, 448, 477, 547, 638–39
human cost of, 131
industrialization and, 10–11
inflated claims for, 28–29, 31
kommunas in, 35–36
kulaks in, see dekulakization
Marxist ideology and, 132, 576–77
mass resistance to, 27, 29, 38–39, 41–42, 68
1928–29 harvest and, 16
OGPU and, 38, 39
opposition to, 12, 14, 38, 39, 52, 53, 77, 219, 301, 303, 309, 469, 470, 477, 484, 495
regime concessions in, 42–43
17th Party Congress’s celebration of, 160
as Stalin’s great gamble, 9, 17, 705
success of, 369
urban workers recruited for, 36–38, 42, 43
Comintern (Communist International), 119, 121, 143, 168, 171, 313, 328, 675, 909
Chiang’s capture condemned by, 362
China policy of, 321, 330
Dimitrov appointed general secretary of, 262–63
German-Japanese pact against, 355–56
German-Soviet Pact as blow to, 670–71
mass arrests in, 446–47
7th Congress of, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263
6th Congress of, 19–20
Social Democrats and, 171, 173, 175, 189
Spanish civil war and, 320, 460
tenth plenum of, 19–20
“united front” policy of, 259, 262, 277, 299, 320, 330, 359, 362, 367
commissariats, 908
see also specific commissariats
Communism:
British fear of, 590, 591
conspiratorial worldview of, 5–6, 308, 378, 422, 429, 439, 447, 483, 490
as enabler of terror, 307–8
German-Soviet Pact as betrayal of, 670–72
lofty vision of, 6, 7
mass violence justified by, 6–7
as revolt against Social Democracy, 19
Communist International, The, 344
Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 573
Communist Party, Austrian, 222
Communist Party, British, 222, 446
Communist Party, Bulgarian, 813–14
Communist Party, Chinese, 121, 262, 277, 330, 374, 446, 793
in civil war with Nationalists, 262, 277, 321, 359–60, 367, 805
as dependent on Soviet weapons and supplies, 366
in Long March, 262, 277, 321, 471
Nationalist massacre of, 30
ordered to release Chiang, 363–64
Soviet aid requested by, 321, 744
Stalin’s orders to, 371, 813
Trotskyites in, 371
in united front with Nationalists, 29–30, 362, 364, 379, 458, 459, 470
Communist Party, Czechoslovak, 20, 121, 446
Communist Party, Finnish, 713, 723
Communist Party, French, 121, 251, 261, 298, 328, 329, 446
Communist Party, German, 19, 53, 86, 118, 119, 121, 143, 220, 259, 307, 401, 446
Communist Party, Lithuanian, 770–71
Communist Party, Polish, 446
Communist Party, Spanish, 320, 321–22, 329, 335, 338, 364, 400, 408, 670
in attacks on leftist groups, 364
possibility of coup by, 401, 405, 406
Communist Party, Ukraine, 102
Communist Party, U.S., 145, 146, 446
Communist Party, USSR:
all aspects of society controlled by, 73, 697, 907
arrests of, 434, 438–39, 443–44, 475
conferences of, 907
congresses of, 907
18th Congress of, 601–5, 606–9, 610, 624, 698, 839–40, 862
infighting in, 48–49, 57
mass expulsions from, 278
Nazi Party, USSR compared with, 697
party card verification campaign in, 253, 278, 294, 348, 443
purges of, 43, 112, 114, 117, 124, 126, 438-39, 443, 475
reinstatement of expelled members of, 475
rightists in, see rightists
secret department of, see Stalin, Iosif, dictatorship of
17th conference of, 91
16th Congress of, 17, 43–46, 160, 355
Stalin as general secretary of, xi–xii, 10, 863, 907–8
Stalin’s micromanagement of, xii
Communist Party, USSR, apparatus of, 907
dysfunction in, 430, 440–42, 705
Kaganovich as head of, 325, 518–19
mass arrests in, 307, 442–45, 520
regional mass arrests in, 434, 443–44, 518, 551, 603
Communist Party, USSR, 17th Congress of, 155–56, 159–60, 168, 190, 206, 355, 358, 517
Bukharin at, 156
Kamenev at, 156
Kirov at, 160
Stalin’s keynote speech at, 156–57
Stalin’s report to, 159, 160
Communist Party, Yugoslav, 849
Communist Youth League, 10th Congress of, 289–90
Congress, U.S., repayment of pre-Soviet Russia debt demanded by, 16
Congress of Soviets, 297, 908
7th, 223
Supreme Soviet as replacement for, 354, 471
Congress of Soviets, 8th, 355, 356, 359, 505
Stalin’s speech at, 352, 353, 354, 355, 372, 483
Conquest, Robert, 306
conspiracies, imagined and trumped-up:
Stalin’s obsession with, 54, 113, 313, 332–33, 377, 469–70, 475
as tool of Stalin dictatorship, 306, 428
see also specific conspiracies
constitution, Soviet (1924), 105, 352
constitution, Soviet (1936), 352, 353–54, 370, 546
consumer goods:
access to, 208, 268
shortages of, 781, 856
“Corsican,” see Harnack, Arvid
Coulondre, Robert, 481, 530, 631, 638, 677
Council of People’s Commissars, 10, 29, 53, 55, 82, 84, 283, 286, 344, 354, 462, 542, 757, 831, 832, 865, 908
“bureau” of, 843
Molotov replaced by Stalin as head of, 863
Rykov replaced by Molotov as head of, 65
Stalin’s decimation of, 445
Course on Political Economy, A (Bogdanov), 691
Course of Russian History (Klyuchevsky), 493
Coyoacán, Mexico, 612
Crash of the German Occupation in Ukraine, 342
Creditanstalt, failure of, 79
Crete, German capture of, 905
Crimea, grain procurement in, 128
Cripps, Stafford, 810–11, 836, 890, 903
in British-Soviet talks, 775–76, 778–79, 796, 802
German invasion of USSR predicted by, 850, 884
and Hess’s flight to Britain, 868
possibility of British-German peace suggested by, 851
in recall to London, 877, 880, 884
Stalin’s meeting with, 777
Croatia, 889
culture, Soviet, 908–9
anti-”formalist” campaign in, 284
censors and, 282
class struggles and, 132
proletarianism, 132–33
socialist realism in, 183–84
Stalin’s engagement with, 132–33, 148, 153, 186–87, 248, 282–83, 298, 594, 789–90, 795, 853
Stalin’s mass arrests in, 434
Stalin’s opposition to rigid ideology in, 133, 148–49, 152
see also literature; music; painting
Czechoslovakia, 61–62, 340, 557, 558