Franco assassination attempts by, 409
Georgians in, 588
German agents captured by, 857
given co-oversight of Kremlin investigation, 229
and hunt for “hidden enemies,” 325, 391
introduction of formal ranks in, 272
investigation of excessive arrests by, 578
Jews and minorities expelled from, 522, 588
Kirov murder and, see Kirov, Sergei, murder of
Kremlin personnel investigated by, see Kremlin Affair
Leningrad branch of, 202, 203–4, 207, 219, 220, 229, 236, 540
mass arrests and executions by, 294, 319, 452–53, 486, 487, 488
mass arrests of foreign agents of, 497, 498–500
Medved as head of Leningrad branch of, 193–94
NKGB separated from, 840
OGPU replaced by, 176–77
Operational Order No. 00447 of, 452
party terror and, 475
Red Army investigated by, 222, 357
in release of prisoners from Yezhov-era roundups, 618
and Sedov’s death, 476
Siberia branch of, 194
in Spanish civil war, 339, 408, 410, 425
spying charges against, 528
“spy mania” arrests by, 486, 487, 488
supposed coup plot in, 391
swollen ranks of, 497–98
torture employed by, 190, 595
Trotsky assassination attempts by, 368
Trotskyites arrested by, 279–80, 294, 319
Trotsky surveilled by, 322–23
twentieth anniversary of, 471
writers’ union surveilled by, 182, 185
Yagoda as head of, 176, 272, 436, 523, 527
Yagodaites eliminated from, 415
Yezhov as head of, 344–45, 392, 415, 437, 449, 451, 471, 498, 521–22, 540–42, 618
Yezhovites eliminated from, 578, 588, 619
Yezhov loyalists in, 499
Yezhov’s resignation as head of, 587
Yezhov’s review of, 229
Nomonhan, 644
battles at, 645, 650–51, 683
nonaggression pacts:
Stalin’s desire for, 88–89
see also specific pacts
Non-Intervention Agreement, 327, 329, 330, 337, 342, 346, 347
Non-Intervention Committee, 339, 347
North Caucasus, 107, 112–13, 122, 128
party purges in, 112, 114
Northern Fleet, Soviet, 133, 703
Norway, 763
German occupation of, 762–63, 889
Trotsky in, 327, 368, 610
Novokuznetsk, 190
Nuremberg, Nazi Party Congress in, 266–67
Nuremberg laws, 266
Odessa, 13, 146, 774
Odessa military district, 779
OGPU, 35, 50, 51, 54, 89, 94, 95, 97, 117, 908
Beria’s career in, 140
collectivization and, 38, 39, 41–42
dekulakization and, 36, 37, 74–75
famine and, 122, 130
foreign directorate of, 172
1931 shakeup in, 79, 80
peasant deportations and, 125
power struggles in, 22–24, 78–79, 80
Red Army investigated by, 76–77, 84
replaced by NKVD, 176
Trotsky smuggled out of Russia by, 12–13
wrecking investigations of, 57
Okhotsk, Sea of, 133
okhranka, 436
Olberg, Valentin, 279–80
Olsky, Jan (Kulikowski), 56, 78
Olympics of 1936 (Berlin), 326
“On Anti-Soviet Elements” resolution, 450
“On Certain Cunning Techniques of Recruitment by Foreign Intelligence” (Pravda article), 486
One-Story America (Ilf and Petrov), 285–86, 404
“On the Hills of Manchuria” (Shatrov), 209
On the History of the Bolshevik Organization in the South Caucasus (Beria), 503
On the Nature of Absolutism (Vorovsky), 493
On the Road to Thermidor (Besedovsky), 294
Open Letter to Members of the Bolshevik Party, An (Trotsky), 787
opera, Stalin’s love of, 594
oprichnina, 465–66
Orakhelashvili, Mamiya, 140, 141, 264, 358, 508, 515
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), 437, 610
orgburo, 66, 162, 224, 225, 507, 907
Orjonikidze, Papuliya, 348, 504
Orjonikidze, Sergo, 12, 20, 26, 29, 36, 39, 46, 49, 55, 57, 58, 65, 73, 86, 136, 140, 141, 159, 162, 209, 212, 231, 264, 273, 278, 308, 314, 345, 362, 373, 386, 396
appointed head of Supreme Council of the Economy, 66
funeral of, 385
as heavy industry commissar, 262, 278, 314, 320, 323–24, 325, 348, 371, 383–84
“hidden enemies” campaign resisted by, 323–24, 325
illnesses and failing health of, 123, 197, 324, 348, 350
as inner circle member, 162, 197, 262, 386, 526, 548
Kaganovich’s friendship with, 386, 500
as key to survival of Stalin dictatorship, 69
Kirov murder and, 205, 206, 209
Lakoba’s friendship with, 137
military budget cuts and, 101
popularity of, 325–26, 501
posthumous vilification of, 508–9
and proposed replacement of Rykov, 56
Stalin’s correspondence with, 54, 82, 98, 337
Stalin’s friendship with, 111, 133, 237
Stalin’s meetings with, 211, 384
Stalin’s plenum attack on, 358
suicide of, 384–86, 428, 443, 526
torture and confession of, 371
Orjonikidze, Zinaida, 324, 384, 506
Orlov, Alexander (Leiba Feldbein), 339, 347, 349, 351, 382, 410, 524, 534
Orlova, Lyubov, 216, 217, 293, 593, 795, 853, 854
Orwell, George, 410–11
Ōshima, Hiroshi, 485, 640, 855
Oslo, Trotsky in, 322
Osten, Maria, 363, 460
Ott, Eugen, 221, 356, 640, 650, 791, 874–76, 890
Ozaki, Hotsumi, 667–68, 851, 874
Paasikivi, Juho Kusti, 710–11, 712, 713, 715, 717, 718, 719, 723, 747
Paasonen, Aladár, 710, 711
Pacific Fleet, Soviet, 703
Packard automobiles, Stalin’s preference for, 164
Pact of Steel, 632–34, 639
painting:
foreign sale of “bourgeois” artworks in, 184
Industry of Socialism exhibition of, 607
socialist realism in, 184
see also culture, Soviet
Paris:
German occupation of, 765
Hitler’s tour of, 769–70
1937 International Exhibition in, 411
Party Card (film), 293–94
Party Construction, 34
Pascua, Marcelino, 381
Passov, Zelman, 575–76
passports, internal system of, 115
Pasternak, Boris, 169, 181–82, 183, 184, 186, 255, 277, 326, 416, 481
Stalin’s call to, 170
Patolichev, Nikolai, 846–47
Pauker, Karl, 109, 165, 228, 344–45, 526, 618
arrest of, 393
in fabricated coup plots, 397
Kirov murder and, 205
Paulus, Friedrich von, 21, 820
Paustovsky, Konstantin, 289–90
Pavlov, Dmitry, 757, 877
Pavlov, Karp, 598–99
Pavlov, Vladimir, 628, 864
Pavlunovsky, Ivan, 140, 511
peasant revolution, 9, 10
peasants:
anticollectivization protests by, 27, 29, 38–39, 41–42, 68
dekulakization of, see dekulakization
executions of, 131
in flight from collectives, 93, 99, 101, 117
grain procurements from, see grain procurements
internal incarceration and deportation of, 131
suspension of mass deportations of, 125
working class and, 369
see also collectives; collectivization
Peculiar Penguins (cartoon), 230
Pegov, Nikolai, 541
Peking (Beijing), 125, 233, 457–58
Peredelkino dacha colony, 177, 178
Permanent Revolution (Trotsky), 540
Persian Gulf, 813
Peshkov, Maxim, 177, 296
Pétain, Philippe, 315, 767, 889
Hitler’s meeting with, 798, 815
Peter I, “the Great,” tsar of Russia, 465, 466, 751
Peter the First (Tolstoy), 185
Peter the Great (Tolstoy), 853
Peterson, Rudolf, 205, 228, 397
Peter the First (film), 466
Petropavlovsk (cruiser), 764
Petrovsky, Hryhory, 99, 605
Petsamo, Finland, 710, 711, 714, 718
Philby, Harold “Kim,” 221–22, 656, 725, 800, 836
and attempted assassination of Franco, 409
Phipps, Eric, 167–68
Hitler’s meeting with, 275–76
Picasso, Pablo, 411
Pieck, Wilhelm, 189, 259, 401–2
Pike, Operation, 762
Pikel, Richard, 313, 320, 324
Piłsudski, Józef, 89, 102, 158, 159, 173, 223, 239, 252, 257, 590, 689
Platon Krechet (Korniychuk), 274
Ploieşti oilfields, 796, 817
Pogodin, Nikolai, 476, 788
Poincaré, Raymond, 61
Poland, 17, 92, 168, 275, 485, 557, 685
Belorussians and Ukrainians in, 569, 574, 689
British and French “guarantee” of independence of, 614–15, 616, 617, 653, 654, 662, 674, 676
British mutual assistance treaty with, 677, 679–80
British relations with, 597
Czechoslovak territory annexed by, 574, 609
discrimination against Jews in, 736–37
Eastern Pact rejected by, 189
in efforts to destabilize Ukraine, 89, 93
French military alliance with, 158, 592, 597, 612, 634, 677, 680
German alliance rejected by, 634, 638
German invasion of, 678–79, 682, 684–85, 691, 736, 826
German relations with, 291–92, 562, 596–97, 613–14
German-Soviet division of, 664, 684–87
Germany’s planned invasion of, 620–21, 636–37, 646, 651, 659–60, 661–62, 664, 675, 676–77
interwar dictatorship of, 430
Japanese-Soviet war as goal of, 597
Japan’s sharing of intelligence with, 597
lack of planning for German war by, 679
Nazi nonaggression declaration with, 157–58, 159, 222–23, 630, 631
in offers of cooperation with Japan, 93, 597
possible Soviet preemptive attack on, 245
Radek’s secret negotiations with, 158, 159
Romanian alliance of, 158
Soviet accusations of espionage by, 487
Soviet intelligence network in, 220–21
Soviet invasion of, 681, 683–91, 775
Soviet mutual assistance pact rejected by, 634
Soviet nonaggression pact with, 93, 102, 168, 683
Soviet occupation of, 688–89
Soviet relations with, 211, 292, 298, 574, 597
Stalin’s desire for nonaggression pact with, 89
Stalin’s fear of invasion by, 27, 50, 54, 84, 143, 239, 568, 578
standing army of, 112
Triple Alliance proposal and, 647
Ukrainians in, 689, 693
Poland, Nazi-occupied, German troops in, 820
Poland, Soviet-occupied, 773
denunciations encouraged in, 771
deportations to labor camps in, 771
single-candidate elections in, 772
Poles, as slave labor in Germany, 688
Poles, in USSR, 476
mass arrests and executions of, 453
Polish army:
casualties of, 687
Gulag internment of, 687
slaughter of officers of, 795
Soviet internment of officers of, 687
Polish Corridor, 596, 597, 615, 616, 652, 655, 677, 679
Polish intelligence, 413, 597
Japan’s intelligence sharing with, 527
Soviet agents of, 691
Polish POWs, 687, 744–45
Soviet and German slaughter of, 745
Polish-Soviet War (1919–20), 51, 687, 690
politburo, 64, 113, 191, 403, 768, 831, 839, 863, 907
Bukharin expelled from, 29
as bypassed by Stalin dictatorship, 56–57, 58–59, 586
expulsion of Syrtsov from, 64
famine relief measures approved by, 123
Kirov murder and, 205
1936 capital budget of, 258
party history commission of, 179
Rykov’s expulsion from, 65, 68
Spanish civil war and, 338
Stalin’s dictating of decisions of, 162
Stalin’s holidays and, 136
telephone voting by, 162
voting members of, 308
workload of, 440
wrecking investigations of, 57
Polonsky, Ruven “Vladimir,” 56–57
Port Arthur, China, 30, 70
Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905), 83
Poskryobyshev, Alexander, 46, 162, 205, 274, 526, 594, 663, 734, 738, 889–90
Postyshev, Pavel, 124, 209–10, 278, 323, 370, 385, 387
Potyomkin, Grigory, 246, 357, 530, 560, 562, 565, 568, 578, 623, 634, 663, 683, 710, 716, 722
POUM (Workers Party of Marxist Unification, Spanish), 339, 400–401, 406, 408
Koltsov’s attack on, 364–65
mass arrests of, 425, 431
NKVD infiltration of, 408
outlawing of, 410–11
Soviet showcase trials condemned by, 343–44
Spanish Communist attacks on, 364
Stalin dictatorship attacked by, 368
Stalin’s condemnation of, 368
Pravda:
articles on Keke in, 271
Beria criticized in, 508, 509–10
Beria’s articles in, 504
Kirov murder and, 208, 209
Koltsov as Spanish war correspondent for, 334–35, 339, 351, 352, 364, 406, 408–9, 459–60
mass arrests at, 408
Mekhlis as editor of, 425
Nadya’s death announced in, 111–12
Stalin biography published in, 734
Stalin’s criticism of, 356
Stalin’s fiftieth birthday celebrated in, 32–33
presidium, Supreme Soviet, 475, 543, 908
press, Soviet, fanning of mass hysteria by, 439
Primakov, Vitali, 331, 411, 423–24
Prince, The (Machiavelli), vii, 493
Princip, Gavrilo, 88
Prinkipo (Prince’s Isle), Trotsky’s exile to, 13, 28, 62, 130
prisons, population of, 598
Prokofyev, Sergei, 292–93, 671, 733, 770
Proletarian Revolution, 178
proletariat, “dictatorship” of, 14, 37, 51, 114, 320, 335, 353
propaganda, propagandists, Soviet:
anti-British, 780
1938 meeting of, 570–74
Proskurov, Ivan, 636, 651, 753