wreckers, wrecking, 21–22, 27, 57, 60, 62, 64, 73, 551
arrests and executions of, 50–51, 821
Wuolijoki, Hella, 712–13
Xi’an, China, 321, 367
Chiang’s kidnapping in, 360–64, 366–67
Xinjiang (Chinese Turkestan), 470
Soviet invasion of, 167, 458, 459
Yagoda, Genrikh:
accusations against, 389, 391, 392, 393, 397
arrest and interrogation of, 391–93, 529
as communications commissar, 344–45, 498
elevated to Central Committee, 162
embezzlement by, 392–93
execution of, 479
foreign intelligence operations and, 172–73
Gulag reform and, 286
inner circle’s relationship with, 393
Kirov murder and, 204–5, 235, 236
Kremlin Affair and, 253, 254
as NKVD head, 176, 272, 436, 523, 527
replaced by Yezhov as NKVD head, 344–45, 372, 415
Yakir, Iona, 58, 340, 341, 378, 395, 411, 412, 414, 419, 421, 422–23, 519
Yakovlev, Alexander, 737–38, 756, 805, 816–17, 853
Yakovlev, Yakov (Epstein), 35, 94, 103, 136
Yan’an, China, 321, 371, 459, 470
Yaroslavsky, Yemelyan, 113, 179, 261, 387–88, 570
Yartsev, Boris (Rybkin), 705–6, 713
Yashvili, Paolo, 512, 513
Yefimov, Boris, 376, 408, 435, 670, 689
Yegorov, Alexander, 110, 272, 411, 545
Yemelyanov, Vasily, 738–39
Yenukidze, Avel, 75, 103, 133, 135, 144, 150, 169, 205, 228, 264, 295, 393, 419
in Kremlin Affair, 231–32, 233, 253, 254
Stalin’s correspondence with, 80, 130, 187
and Stalin’s underground years, 214–15
Yeremin, Grigory (“Yeshenko”), 840–41, 842, 853
Yerevan, Armenia, 502, 504, 516
Yevdokimov, Yefim, 23–24, 35, 69, 78, 79, 112, 162, 219, 344, 389, 415, 499, 527, 543
arrest and torture of, 619–20
arrests and executions of cadres of, 499–500
execution of, 742
Yevgeny Onegin (Pushkin), 379
Yezhov, Nikolai:
arrest and interrogation of, 618–20, 635
Beria and, 509, 542
as Central Committee secretary, 224, 225, 437, 498, 500, 587
as Central Control Commission chairman, 225, 437, 587
and decimation of Red Army officer corps, 426
denunciations of, 542, 587
drinking bouts of, 435–36, 498, 521, 522, 540, 619
execution of, 740, 742
at February 1937 Central Committee plenum, 386, 389
growing paranoia of, 436–37
homosexuality of, 620
illnesses and disabilities of, 435, 436, 498
Kirov murder and, 224, 236–37
Kremlin Affair and, 253, 254, 264
as NKVD head, 344–45, 392, 415, 437, 449–50, 451, 471, 498, 521–22, 540–42, 618
NKVD arrests and, 415–16, 498–99
NKVD resignation of, 587
plots fabricated by, 357, 412, 433–34
rise of, 224–25
showcase trials and, 319, 330
Stalin’s correspondence with, 276, 472
Stalin’s relationship with, 224, 225, 416, 436–37
terror campaigns overseen by, 436, 448, 453–54, 497, 498, 500, 515, 517, 522–23, 528–29, 578
as water transport commissar, 498, 587
Yagoda and, 389, 391
Yofan, Boris, 171, 411
Yugoslavia, 62, 189
in Axis pact, 847, 850
German invasion of, 848–49, 850, 852, 859
Soviet pact with, 848, 864
Zaitsev, Nikolai (“Bine”), 700, 722, 828, 848
Zakovsky, Leonid (Henriks Štubis), 194, 229, 236, 272, 498–99
Zaporozhets, Ivan, 194, 202, 220, 235
Zborowski, Mordka “Mark,” 322–23, 349
Zdravitsa (Prokofyev), 733
Zelinsky, Koreli, 152–53
Zenzinov, Vladimir, 728–29
Zetkin, Clara, 20
Kremlin apartment of, 58, 59, 67
Zhang Xueliang, 30, 83, 321, 359–61, 362, 363–64, 366–67
Zhang Zhizhong, 458
Zhdanov, Andrei:
and arrests of ethnic groups, 476
as Central Committee secretary, 162, 500
enmity toward Litvinov of, 624
and Estonian Sovietization, 772
as inner circle member, 162, 205, 215–16, 262, 500, 605
as Leningrad party boss, 229, 500, 504
Stalin’s correspondence with, 181, 182, 184, 185
Stalin’s relationship with, 211, 605
Winter War and, 723, 724, 726, 736, 747
writers’ union and, 183, 184
Zhelyabov, Andrei, 199–200
Zhou Enlai, 360, 366, 744, 887
Zhukov, Georgy, 626, 645, 650, 651, 759, 811, 820
full war footing urged by, 895, 897, 898–99
Mongolian border clashes and, 645, 667, 668–70, 726, 755
offensive strategy as focus of, 825–26
as Red Army chief of staff, 830, 838, 843
Soviet war plans and, 843–44, 870, 871
in warning of imminent German attacks, 895, 900
Zinoviev, Grigory, 12, 104, 105, 134, 161, 254, 371, 386–87, 437, 467
alleged involvement in Kirov murder of, 210–11, 212, 213, 229, 232–33, 236–37
execution of, 333, 376, 602
imprisonment of, 325
internal exile of, 107
Kaganovich’s denunciation of, 324
in Kirov murder trial, 219, 532
Stalin’s enmity toward, 228
Trotskyite-Zinovievite center testimony and, 319
in Trotskyite-Zinovievite trial, 331
Zinovievites, 106, 278, 391, 394, 429
accused of complicity in Kirov murder, 210–12, 213, 218–19, 220, 236–37
accused of plotting coup, 253, 254
mass arrests of, 220, 299
see also Trotskyite-Zinovievite conspiracy
Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 153, 165
Zubalovo dacha complex, 108–9, 163, 165, 193, 600
* Like tsarist Russia, the Soviet Union had two sowing seasons: one in the spring, harvested in late summer/fall, accounting for about 60 percent of the year’s crop (mostly wheat and barley); another in the fall, harvested in the spring, accounting for 40 percent (almost all the rye, some barley, and some wheat).
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