Patricide, The (Kazbegi), 17
Paulus, Friedrich, 225, 258
Pavlov, Dmitry, 208
Peasants: currency reform impact on, 278
and famines, 38, 116, 117–122
income of, 353n16
postwar discontent of, 262
forced resettlement of, 38, 322
revolts of, 110, 113–115, 323
taxation of, 302
working conditions of, 324–325. See also Agriculture
Kulaks
Penal colonies, 38
Penalty battalions, 223, 237, 242
Pereprygina, Lidiia, 30, 31, 252, 338n60
Peter the Great, Stalin’s view of, 94, 95
Petrograd Soviet, 43, 44, 52
Petrovskaia, Stefaniia, 251
Petrovsky, Grigory, 177
Plato, 95
Plekhanov, Georgy, 94
Poland: Civil War campaign in, 59–61
in Communist bloc, 281, 297
German invasion of, 169–170
and German-Soviet non-aggression pact, 166
Katyn massacre, 170
postwar settlement in, 245, 248
Warsaw uprising, 244
Politburo: abolition of, 305–306
eavesdropping on members, 145, 353n10
execution of members, 144, 177
expulsion of leftist opposition, 84–86
independence in day-to-day work, 310–311
power struggle in, 75–81, 86–87
reorganizations of leadership, 66, 177–179, 303
replaced during Great Terror, 177–178
Stalin’s appointment to, 54
Stalin’s dictatorial powers approved by, 180–181
Stalin’s domination of, 144–147, 176–177, 241
voting process in, 370n66
wartime domestic duties of, 240–241
and wartime leadership, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 238, 241
and world revolution, 77–78
young generation in, 177, 181. See also Collective leadership
Popular front against fascism, 135
Poskrebyshev, Aleksandr, 255, 329
Postyshev, Pavel, 177
Pravda, 44, 51, 79, 89, 93, 113, 155, 193, 236, 308, 314
Presidential Archive of the Russian Federation (APRF), xiv
Presidium, of Central Committee, 305–306, 312
Presidium Bureau, of Central Committee, 306, 311, 312
Preventive war theory, 183, 184
Prisoners of war: German, 231
Soviet, 210
Private peasant plots, 7, 111, 112, 124, 278
Prosveshchenie (Enlightenment) (magazine), 94
Provisional Government: crackdown on Bolsheviks, 48–49
formation of, 42
and Kornilov mutiny, 49–50
overthrow of, 45, 50–53
socialist support for, 43
Purges: during Civil War, 56–59
under collective leadership, 89
Doctors’ Plot, 196, 307–309, 314
Leningrad Affair, 144, 282–283, 310
Mingrelian Affair, 304–305, 314–315
of Molotov’s wife, 283–284, 314
of nomenklatura, 139–140, 144, 150, 282–283, 304, 320
rehabilitation of victims, 314–315
Shakhty Affair, 107
of state security, 34–35, 36, 40, 303–304. See also Terror
Radzinsky, Edvard, ix, 338n1
Rajk, Laszlo, 281
Rakosi, Matyas, 196, 290, 297
Rape, by Red Army, 234–235
Rationing, abolition of, 275, 278
Razin, Ye. A., 264, 265
Reconciliation campaign, 135–136
Red Army: anti–government sentiment of peasant recruits, 105
in Baltic states, 170–171
Berlin operation of, 246–247
in Civil War, 55–56, 59–61
crimes against civilians, 234–236
in Eastern Europe, 244
in Finland (Winter War), 172–173, 186
growth of, 185–186
in Japanese border clashes, 163
modernization of, 183–184
in Poland, 170
postwar buildup, 297–298
purge of, 155, 161, 162–163, 186, 355n31
Stalin’s critique of command, 186, 219, 236–237
Stalin’s reorganizations of command, 237–239, 273–274
Stalin-Trotsky conflict over, 61–63. See also Soviet-German Front
Religion, 242–243, 325
Retail prices, and currency reform, 277, 278
Revolution of 1905, 24–25
Revolution of 1917: Bolshevik seizure of power, 50–53
escalation of, 47
Lenin’s radical action plan, 44–46
Lenin–Stalin collaboration during, 46, 47–49, 50
moderate (rightist) Bolshevik faction in, 43–44, 46–47, 50, 51
outbreak of, 42. See also Provisional Government
Rhee, Syngman, 294
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 165, 166, 174
Rieber, Alfred, 21
Robins, Raymond, 120–121
Rokossovsky, Konstantin Konstantinovich, 222–223, 297, 364n94
Roosevelt, Franklin: 269, Gallery 12
correspondence with Stalin, 228, 246
and Hopkins mission to Moscow, 211
and Red Army criminal behavior, 235–236
representatives at Moscow Conference, 212
and second front plan, 223, 228, 229, 230
Roskin, Grigory, 265
Rozengolts, Arkady, 152
Rudzutak, Yan Ernestovich: biography of, 345n100
compromising evidence against, 106
execution of, 177
as oppositionist, 90
Rukhadze, Nikolai, 304–305
Russian Federation, proposals for, 68–69
Russian language proficiency, Stalin’s, 97–98
Russian Orthodox Church, reconciliation with, 242–243
Russification policy, 325
Russo–Japanese War of 1905, 248
Rybalko, R. S., 319
Rykov, Aleksei Ivanovich: 80, 191, Gallery 6
biography of, 344n80
execution of, 140
expulsion of, 108
and left opposition, 90
as oppositionist, 105, 106, 108
Sakhalin: oil pipeline, 179
and postwar settlement, 248, 289
Salaries, 35, 353n16
Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail, 95
Sapronov, Timofei Vladimirovich, 85, 345n94
Savings bank deposits, and currency reform, 275, 277, 279
Schulenburg, Friedrich von der, 199
Second front plan, 223–224, 228, 229, 230
“Secret Five” group, 177–178
Security system. See NKVD
State security Seliavkin, Aleksei, 126, 350n58
Sevastopol, siege of, 221
Shakhty Affair, 107
Shakhurin, Aleksei, 187, 215–216
Shaposhnikov, Boris Mikhailovich, 201, 361n14
Shcherbakov, Aleksandr Sergeevich: biography of, 356–357n57
Politburo appointment of, 177
in wartime leadership, 214, 216
Shepilov, Dmitry, 314
Shkiriatov, Matvei, Gallery 14, 311
Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich, 119, 121–122, 349n39
Shostakovich, Dmitry Dmitryevich, 97, 347n14
Shtemenko, Sergei, 229–230, 247, 297
Shumiatsky, Boris, 2, 3, 347n12
Shvernik, Nikolai, 311
Siberia: grain expropriation in, 101, 102–104
Stalin’s exile in, 23, 29–32, 190
Simonov, Konstantin, 144–145, 213, 313
Slansky, Rudolf, 307
Smirnov, Vladimir Mikhailovich, 85, 345n93
Smolensk, Battle of, 210–211
Smolny Institute, Kirov’s murder at, 128–129
Social Democratic movement: in Baku, 26–27
European congresses of, 25
factions of, 24
radical wing of, 21
in revolution of 1905, 24–25
Stalin’s involvement in, 18, 19, 21, 22–24. See also Bolsheviks
Mensheviks
Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 43, 50, 158
Sokolnikov, Grigory Yakovlevich, 87, 345n97
Soviet-German Front: capture by enemy provisions (Order No. 270), 210
casualties of, 208, 220, 222, 224, 232, 261, 263
in Crimea, 220, 221, 228
crimes against civilians, 234–236
defeats in early stages of war, 208, 209–210, 222, 238, 263–265
final battles, 243–244
first days of combat, 201–205
Kharkov, Battle of, 221, 222
Kursk, Battle of, 226–227, 228
Lend-Lease aid, 212
Leningrad Blockade, 213, 225
Moscow Siege, 213–219, 227–228
penalty battalions/anti-retreat units, 223, 237, 242