131. J. Hellbeck, Stalingrad: The City that Defeated the Third Reich, paperback ed., PublicAffairs: New York 2016 p.437.
132. Alliluyeva, 20 Letters to a Friend, pp.140, 163.
133. Zh. Medvedev, Stalin i Evreiskaya Problema: Novyi Analiz, Prava Cheloveka: Moscow 2003.
134. F. Chuev, Tak Govoril Kaganovich: Ispoved’ Stalinskogo Apostola, Otechestvo: Moscow 1992 p.89.
135. G. Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows: Anti-Semitism in Stalin’s Russia, Prometheus Books: Amherst NY 1995.
136. ‘Novye Rechi Stalina’, p.494.
137. Apparently, Stalin marked these two books but they have disappeared from the archive.
138. RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, D.311.
139. Ibid., D.267, p.25 of the book. Stalin does not appear to have read the diary itself, only the introduction by Boris Shtein, a Soviet diplomat.
140. Stalin, Leninism, pp.479–80.
141. RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, D.37, p.5 of Vipper’s book; D.97, p.3 of S. I. Kovalev et al., Istoriya Drevnego Mira: Drevnii Vostok i Gretsiya, Gosudarstvennoe Uchebno-Pedagogicheskoe Izdatel’stvo: Moscow 1937.
142. Ibid., D.36. Stalin’s markings may be found in chap.4 of the book on pp.120–4, 126–7, 130–1, 133–7.
143. As Boris Ilizarov (Stalin, Ivan Groznyi, p.75) points out, the marginalia are written in the old Russian script, i.e. the one in use before the reform and rationalisation of the Cyrillic alphabet in 1917–18, so they won’t have been made by Svetlana and are unlikely to belong to Stalin’s young wife, Nadezhda.
144. RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, D.38, passim.
145. On Vipper: H. Graham, ‘R. Iu. Vipper: A Russian Historian in Three Worlds’, Canadian Slavonic Papers/Revue Canadienne des Slavistes, 28/1 (March 1986). Also the translation of the entry on Vipper in The Great Soviet Encyclopaedia: https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Robert+Iurevich+Vipper. Accessed 4 August 2021.
146. Cited by A. Dubrovsky, Vlast’ i Istoricheskaya Mysl’ v SSSR (1930–1950-e gg.), Rosspen: Moscow 2017 pp.150–1. See also D. Brandenberger, National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931–1956, Harvard University Press: Cambridge MA 2002 pp.32–3. Stalin’s comments did not come out of the blue. Already in August 1932 the party central committee had issued a decree noting the poor state of the history curriculum (M. Pundeff (ed.), History in the USSR: Selected Readings, Chandler Publishing Co.: San Francisco 1967 doc.18).
147. Cited by D. Dorotich, ‘A Turning Point in the Soviet Schooclass="underline" The Seventeenth Party Congress and the Teaching of History’, History of Education Quarterly (Fall 1967) p.299.
148. K. M. F. Platt, Terror and Greatness: Ivan and Peter as Russian Myths, Cornell University Press: Ithaca NY 2011 p.182.
149. Dubrovsky, Vlast’ i Istoricheskaya Mysl’, pp.157–9; Brandenberger, National Bolshevism, pp.34–5.
150. Ilizarov, Stalin, Ivan Groznyi, p.68.
151. I.V. Stalin, Istoricheskaya Ideologiya v SSSR v 1920–1950-e gody, Nauka-Piter: St Petersburg 2006 doc.79.
152. ‘O Prepodavanii Grazhdanskoi Istorii v Shkolakh SSSR’, Pravda (16 May 1934). The decree, which was published on the newspaper’s front page, was hand-edited and corrected by Stalin. For an English text of the full decree: Pundeff, History in the USSR, doc.20.
153. ‘Na Fronte Istoricheskoi Nauki’, Pravda (27 January 1936); Tillett, The Great Friendship, pp.42–3. For the full English text of the Pravda editorial and the two notes of Stalin, Zhdanov and Kirov: Pundeff, History in the USSR, doc.21.
154. ‘Postanovlenie Zhuri Pravitel’stvennoi Komissii po Konkursu na Luchshii Uchebnik dlya 3 i 4 Klassov Srednei Shkoly po Istorii SSSR’, Pravda (22 August 1937).
155. The details of the process may be followed in the books by Brandenberger and Dubrovsky cited above. Much of the documentary basis of their research may be found in this publication of the Archive of the President of the Russian Federation: S. Kudryashov (ed.), Istoriyu – v Shkolu: Sozdanie Pervykh Sovetskikh Uchebnikov, APRF: Moscow 2008.
156. Svetlana’s copy of the book is stored in the State Socio-Political Library in Moscow as part of its holdings of books from Stalin’s personal library.
157. Tillett, The Great Friendship, p.50.
158. Dubrovsky, Vlast’ i Istoricheskaya Mysl’, p.240.
159. The dummies may be found here: RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, Dd.374–5, Op.11, D.1584.
160. Dubrovsky, Vlast’ i Istoricheskaya Mysl’, p.239.
161. Ibid., pp.235–6.
162. A. Shestakov (ed.), Kratkii Kurs Istoriya SSSR, Uchpedgiz: Moscow 1937 p.42. A detailed summary and analysis of the book may be found in Platt, Terror and Greatness, chap.5.
163. Ibid., p.37.
164. Ilizarov, Stalin, Ivan Groznyi, pp.100–1
165. Brandenberger, National Bolshevism, p.51.
166. Stalin, Leninism, p.5.
167. Dimitrov, Diary, p.65.
168. Both citations from I. Paperno, ‘Nietzscheanism and the Return of Pushkin’ in B. Glatzer Rosenthal (ed.), Nietzsche and Soviet Culture, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge 1994 pp.225–6. See further K. Petrone, Life Has Become More Joyous, Comrades: Celebrations in the Time of Stalin, Indiana University Press: Bloomington 2000 chap. 5 on the Pushkin centennial.
169. Petrone, Life Has Become More Joyous, Comrades, p.159.
170. R. Yu. Vipper, Ivan Groznyi, Del’fin: Moscow 1922. For an English-language text that makes a similar argument to Vipper’s, see I. Grey, Ivan the Terrible, Hodder & Stoughton: London 1964. Ian Grey (1918–1996) was a New Zealand-born historian who served as a Royal Navy interpreter in Russia during the Second World War. After the war he worked in the Soviet section of the British Foreign Office and then for the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. He published a number of books on Russian history, including a fine but neglected biography of Stalin: Stalin: Man of History, Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London 1979.
171. S. F. Platonov, Ivan Groznyi, Brokgauz-Efron: Peterburg 1923. This book is available on the internet: http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/4720-platonov-s-f-ivan-groznyy-pg-1923-obrazy-chelovechestva#mode/inspect/page/3/zoom/4. Accessed 4 August 2021.
172. S. F. Platonov, Proshloe Russkogo Severa, Obelisk: Berlin 1924. The book is in Stalin’s library collection in the State Social-Political Library in Moscow.
173. RGASPI, F558, Op.1, D.3165 p.42 of the book. This reference was drawn to my attention by L. Maximenkov, ‘Stalin’s Meeting with a Delegation of Ukrainian Writers on 12 February 1929’, Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 16/3–4 (December 1992), p.368.
174. Soviet Writers’ Congress 1934: The Debate on Socialist Realism and Modernism, Lawrence & Wishart: London 1977 pp.43–4.
175. M. Perrie, ‘R. Yu. Vipper and the Stalinisation of Ivan the Terrible’, paper presented to the Soviet Industrialisation Project Series, University of Birmingham, December 1999 p.5.