176. Graham, ‘R. Iu. Vipper: A Russian Historian in Three Worlds’, pp.29–30.
177. Perrie, ‘R. Yu. Vipper and the Stalinisation of Ivan the Terrible’, p.10.
178. M. Perrie, ‘The Tsar, the Emperor, the Leader: Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great and Anatolii Rybakov’s Stalin’ in N. Lampert & G. T. Rittersporn (eds), Stalinism: Its Nature and Aftermath, Macmillan: Basingstoke 1992 pp.85–6.
179. Vlast’ i Khudozhestvennaya Intelligenstiya, 1917–1953, Demokratiya: Moscow 2002 doc.3, p.478.
180. Platt, Terror and Greatness, p.210.
181. There does not appear to be a copy of Tolstoy’s Peter book in Stalin’s archive, but we know that the publishers sent him a copy of the postwar edition in November 1947: RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, D.5754, L.64.
182. Ibid., Op.11, D.717, Ll.99–100.
183. R. Wipper (sic), Ivan Grozny, Foreign Languages Publishing House: Moscow 1947.
184. Perrie, ‘R. Yu. Vipper and the Stalinisation of Ivan the Terrible’, p.13.
185. Ibid., p.11.
186. Cited by A. G. Mazour, The Writing of History in the Soviet Union, Stanford University: Stanford CA 1971 p.67.
187. ‘“Ivan Groznyi”: Na Lektsii Doktora Istoricheskikh Nauk Professor R. Yu. Vippera’, Pravda (19 September 1943).
188. Mezhdu Molotom i Nakoval’nei: Soyuz Sovetskikh Pisatelei SSSR, vol.1, Rosspen: Moscow 2010 doc.278, n.1.
189. RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, D.350. This was the same copy on which Stalin doodled ‘Teacher’ on the back cover.
190. Vlast’ i Khudozhestvennaya Intelligenstiya, doc.3, p.478. For an English translation of this document, see K. Clark et al. (eds), Soviet Culture and Power: A History in Documents, 1917–1953, Yale University Press: London & New Haven 2007 doc.170.
191. A translation of this document, together with an explanation of its provenance, may be found in K. M. F. Platt & D. Brandenberger (eds), Epic Revisionism: Russian History and Literature as Stalinist Propaganda, University of Wisconsin Press: Madison 2006 pp.179–89. Additional clarification may be found in Ilizarov, Stalin, Ivan Groznyi, pp.270–9.
192. Vlast’ i Khudozhestvennaya Intelligenstiya, docs 13 (pp.486–7), 16 (p.500) and 18 (p.501).
193. ‘P’esa Al. Tolstogo “Ivan Groznyi” v Malom Teatre’, Pravda (27 October 1944); ‘Novaya Postanovka P’esy Al. Tolstogo na Stsene Malogo Teatra’, Pravda (30 May 1945).
194. RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, D.351 p.57 of the play.
195. W. Averell Harriman, ‘Stalin at War’ in G. R. Urban (ed.), Stalinism: Its Impact on Russia and the World, Wildwood House: Aldershot 1985 pp.40–2.
196. Clark et al., Soviet Culture and Power, doc.172.
197. Eisenstein’s background thinking about Ivan and his film is revealed in an article he published in Literatura i Iskusstvo (Literature and Art) in July 1942, summarised by Platt, Terror and Greatness, pp.212–13.
198. Kremlevskii Kinoteatr, 1928–1953, Rosspen: Moscow 2005 doc.257.
199. Clark et al., Soviet Culture and Power, doc.177. On this whole episode, see further M. Belodubrovskaya, Not According to Plan: Filmmaking Under Stalin, Cornell University Press: Ithaca NY 2017, and D. Brandenberger & K. M. F. Platt, ‘Terribly Pragmatic: Rewriting the History of Ivan IV’s Reign, 1937–1956’ in Platt & Brandenberger, Epic Revisionism.
200. In May 1944 Cherkasov presented Zhdanov with a signed photograph of himself as Ivan the Terrible, which carried the inscription, ‘We are standing at the edge of the sea and will continue to stand there.’ This is a reference to Ivan’s expansion of Russia to the Baltic. In 1944 Zhdanov was the head of the Leningrad communist party and the Red Army was in the process of recapturing the Baltic coastal lands from the Germans. See Platt, Terror and Greatness, p.214.
201. Clark et al., Soviet Culture and Power, pp.441–2.
202. Vlast’ i Khudozhestvennaya Intelligenstiya, doc.34, pp.612–19. For an English translation of the entire discussion: Clark et al., Soviet Culture and Power, doc.175. Irena Makaryk speculates that Stalin might have derived his view of Hamlet as a weak-willed character from Turgenev’s essay ‘Hamlet and Don Quixote’ and his short story ‘Hamlet of the Shchigrov District’. See her ‘Stalin and Shakespeare’ in N. Khomenko (ed.), The Shakespeare International Yearbook, vol. 18, Special Section on Soviet Shakespeare, Routledge: London July 2020 pp.46–7. The only other known Stalin reference to a specific work of Shakespeare is an ambiguous marginal comment on Pyotr Kogan’s Essays on the History of West European Literature (1909) in which he appears to say the author has ignored The Tempest, a play which has a bearing on the Bard’s character. However, it is not certain the crabbed handwriting is Stalin’s (RGASPI, Op.1, D.32, p.158 of the book).
203. R. C. Tucker, Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941, paperback edn, Norton: New York 1992 pp.276–9; Perrie, ‘The Tsar, the Emperor, the Leader’, p.89.
204. Cited by Y. Gorlizki & O. Khlevniuk, Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945–1953, Oxford University Press: Oxford 2004 pp.34–5.
205. Cited by Service, Stalin: A Biography, pp.561–2.
206. On the Alexandrov episode see chap.2 of E. Pollock, Stalin and the Soviet Science Wars, Princeton University Press: Princeton 2006.
207. G. Alexandrov, Filosofskie Predshestvenniki Marksizma, Politizdat: Moscow 1940. RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, D.1. The markings may possibly be Svetlana’s.
208. RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, D.237, pp.76–7 of the book.
209. Dobrenko, Late Stalinism, pp.396–402; Gorlizki & Khlevniuk, Cold Peace, pp.36–8.
210. On the Lysenko affair, see chap.3 of Pollock, Stalin and the Soviet Science Wars.
211. Cited by J. Brooks, Thank You, Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War, Princeton University Press: Princeton 2000 pp.213–14.
212. Platt, Terror and Greatness, p.177.
213. V. A. Nevezhin, Zastol’nye Rechi Stalina, AIRO: Moscow-St Petersburg 2003 doc.107.
214. On the Pushkin centenary: Petrone, Life Has Become More Joyous, Comrades, chap.5.
215. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1947/09/08.htm. Accessed 4 August 2021.
216. J. Brunstedt, The Soviet Myth of World War II: Patriotic Memory and the Russian Question in the USSR, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge 2021 pp.37–8, 107–8.
217. Rol’ Russkoi Nauki v Razvetii Mirovoi Nauki i Kul’tury, MGU: Moscow 1946; RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, D.368, pp.29–36 of the book for Stalin’s markings.
218. A. Popovskii, ‘Zametki o Russkoi Nauke’, Novyi Mir, 3 (March 1948), RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, D.234, pp.174–85 for Stalin’s markings.
219. Brooks, Thank You, Comrade Stalin!, pp.213–14.
220. Pollock, Stalin and the Soviet Science Wars, p.144. This section on Pavlov draws on chap.6 of Pollock’s book.
221. I. P. Pavlov, Dvadtsatiletnii Opyt Ob”ektivnogo Izucheniya Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel’nosti Zhivotnykh, LenMendizdat: Leningrad 1932. Copy in the Stalin collection in the SSPL.