222. RGASPI, F.558, Op.11, D.762, doc.9, l.27. The final two sentences were hand-inserted by Stalin into the draft of his letter to Zhdanov dated 6 October. This document was drawn to my attention by Pollock, Stalin and the Soviet Science Wars, p.146.
223. B. S. Ilizarov, Pochetnyi Akademik Stalin i Akademik Marr, Veche: Moscow 2012 pp.145–7.
224. On the Latinisation campaign, see chap.5 of Terry Martin’s The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939, Cornell University Press: Ithaca NY 2001.
225. R. Medvedev, ‘Stalin and Linguistics’ in R. & Z. Medvedev, The Unknown Stalin: His Life, Death and Legacy, Overlook Press: Woodstock NY 2004 p.211.
226. RGASPI, F.558, Op.11, D.773, docs 6–7.
227. On Marr and his ideas: Y. Slezkine, ‘N. Ia. Marr and the National Origins of Soviet Ethnogenetics’, Slavic Review, 55/4 (Winter 1996).
228. Ilizarov, Pochetnyi Akademik Stalin p.186. The book may be found in the Stalin collection in the SSPL. The book was inscribed by the author not to Stalin but to another fellow Georgian, Lavrenty Beria.
229. N. Marr (ed.), Tristan i Izol’da: Ot Geroini Lyubvi Feodal’noi Evropy do Bogini Materiarkhal’noi Afrevrazii, Akad.Nauk: Leningrad 1932; N. Marr, Izvlechenie iz Svansko-Russkogo Slovarya, Petrograd 1922 (RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, D.212); N. Marr, O Yazyke i Istorii Abkhazov, Moscow-Leningrad 1938 (RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, D.213). A copy of the first book may be found in the Stalin collection of the SSPL. Its presence there was brought to my attention by Ilizarov Pochetnyi Akademik Stalin p.184, which also contains (pp.185–7) a detailed analysis of Stalin’s marks in the Abkhazia book.
230. RGASPI, F.558, Op.11, D.1250, doc.1. See also Pollock, Stalin and the Soviet Science Wars, p.112. I am generally indebted to Pollock’s coverage of the linguistics controversy in chap.5 of his book.
231. The drafts of Chikobava’s article, as edited by Stalin, may be found here: RGASPI, F558, Op.11, D.1251, doc.1. The cited additions by him may be seen on Ll.138–9, 162. See also Pollock, Stalin and the Soviet Science Wars, pp.112–14 and p.116, which contains a photocopy of the insertion by Stalin of the sentences about the withering away of national languages.
232. Translations of all the contributions published by Pravda may be found in The Soviet Linguistics Controversy, Columbia University Slavic Studies, King’s Crown Press: New York 1951. This booklet may be found on the Internet.
233. Medvedev & Medvedev, Unknown Stalin, p.215. Among the books Stalin consulted was a 1912 introductory textbook on linguistics by D. N. Kudryavsky.
234. RGASPI F.558, Op.3, D.19, p.378 of the book. It is not certain that Stalin read these entries at this time but it is highly likely that he did. Ilizarov (Pochetnyi Akademik Stalin, pp.202–10) provides a detailed analysis of these pometki but it does not add anything to Stalin’s stated views on language and linguistics. As Ilizarov points out (p.203), Stalin did not mark the encyclopaedia entry on Japhetic languages.
235. My summary and quotations derive from J. V. Stalin, Concerning Marxism in Linguistics, Soviet News Booklet: London 1950.
236. G. B. Fedorov (ed.), Po Sledam Drevnikh Kul’tur, Gosizdat: Moscow 1951. RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, D.246, pp.8, 71–112 for Stalin’s markings.
237. Dobrenko, Late Stalinism, p.385.
238. Kotkin, Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, p.544.
239. J. Stalin, Works, vol.2, Foreign Languages Publishing House: Moscow 1953 pp.28–32.
240. Kotkin, Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, p.753 n.88.
241. Ibid., pp.544–5; R. Medvedev, Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism, Macmillan: London 1972, pp.509–10.
242. J. Stalin, Works, vol.9, Foreign Languages Publishing House: Moscow 1954 pp.156–8.
243. RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, D.105.
244. E. Dobrenko, Late Stalinism, p.358.
245. E. Fischer, An Opposing Man, Allen Lane: London 1974 p.261.
246. Some readings may be found here: H. F. Scott & W. F. Scott (eds), The Soviet Art of War, Westview Press: Boulder CO 1982. Tukhachevsky and Svechin perished in the purges.
247. RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, Dd.253–6, Op.11, Dd.494–9.
248. RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, Dd.9, 80. The photocopy may be found in the Stalin collection in SSPL.
249. Artilleriya v Proshlom, Nastoyashchem i Budushchem, Voenizdat: Moscow 1925. RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, D.380.
250. Urban, Stalinism, p.43.
251. On Leer: P. Von Wahlde, ‘A Pioneer of Russian Strategic Thought: G. A. Leer, 1929–1904’, Military Affairs (December 1971); D. A. Rich, The Tsar’s Colonels: Professionalism, Strategy, and Subversion in Late Imperial Russia, Harvard University Press: Cambridge MA 1998 pp.55–6; J. W. Steinberg, All The Tsar’s Men: Russia’s General Staff and the Fate of the Empire, 1898–1914, Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore 2010 pp.47–52.
252. RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, Dd.108–11. Previously, the books belonged to Tsarist institutional libraries.
253. RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, D.224, for Stalin’s markings of chapter one of Moltke’s book, and D.195, pp.264–81 for his marking of Ludendorff’s text.
254. Svechin’s key work is available in an English translation: A. A. Svechin, Strategy, East View Press: Minneapolis 1992. Svechin’s views were controversial, particularly his advocacy of preparations for a war of attrition that would wear the enemy down over time, as opposed to one of manoeuvre and the annihilation of enemy forces in decisive battles. In the 1920s and 1930s Svechin was criticised by a number of reviewers and discussants who advocated the latter strategy. Stalin’s marked copy of the first edition of Svechin’s history of military art may be found here: RGASPI, F.558, Op.3, Dd.311–12. His copy of Svechin’s strategy book, together with a later edition of the military art history, is in the Stalin collection in SSPL.
255. Ibid., D.94, pp.v, vii, viii for Stalin’s markings. Stalin had another, unmarked, copy of On War. This may be found in the SSPL Stalin collection.
256. Ibid., p.35 of the book.
257. G. Roberts, Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953, Yale University Press: London & New Haven 2006 p.110.
258. O. Rzheshevsky, ‘Shaposhnikov’ in H. Shukman (ed.), Stalin’s Generals, Phoenix Press: London 1997.
259. The general sections of the three volumes of Mozg Armii were republished in 1974 and reprinted in 1982: B. M. Shaposhnikov, Vospominaniya [i] Voenno-Nauchnye Trudy, Voenizdat: Moscow 1982. The volume also contains Shaposhnikov’s memoir of his early life. Some extracts from Mozg Armii in English may be found in Scott & Scott, The Soviet Art of War, pp.46–50.
260. Shaposhnikov, Vospominaniya, p.507.
261. G. K. Zhukov, Vospominaniya i Razmyshleniya, vol.1, Novosti: Moscow 1990 p.367.
262. Na Prieme Stalina, Novyi Khronograf: Moscow 2008 pp.337–40.
263. M. Bragin, Polkovodets Kutuzov, Molodaya Gvardiya: Moscow 1941. An English translation called Field Marshal Kutuzov was published by the Foreign Languages Publishing House: Moscow 1944.