expansion of, 781
in Finnish border mobilization, 721
food rationing in, 98
foreign underestimation of, 591, 592, 675, 748–49, 875, 892–93
former Gulag prisoners returned to duty in, 759
former tsarist officers in, 76–77
forward deployment of, 825
German-Poland, war plan of, 239, 244–45
increased tank production for, 91–92
introduction of formal ranks in, 272
low morale of, 84
in Lvov clash with Wehrmacht, 685–86
in Manchurian invasion, 30–31
maneuvers of, 188, 265–66, 340–41
mechanized units of, 727, 755, 758, 860–61
modernization of, 20–21, 95, 99, 100–101, 131, 188, 223, 265–66, 270, 290, 297, 299, 352, 860–61, 862–63, 892
in Mongolia, 197, 644, 650–51, 653, 667–68
1938 partial mobilization of, 567, 568–69, 578
1941 war games of, 829–30
NKVD investigation of, 222, 357
NKVD troops deployed to block retreat of, 731, 749
OGPU investigation of, 76–77, 84
outdated and inadequate equipment of, 21, 101
paratroopers in, 265–66
preemptive attack on Poland considered by, 245
promotions in, 759
purge of party members in, 411
scale of, 391, 437–38, 603
reinstatement of officers in, 781
reorganization of, 820
September 1939 mobilization of, 681
Stalin’s order for buildup of, 91–92, 98
supposed Trotskyite-Zinovievite conspiracy in, 396
supposed wreckers in, 21–22, 51, 64
tanks and armored vehicles of, 188, 265–66, 290, 755, 839, 857, 861, 893
Timoshenko’s reform of, 758–59
troop strength of, 188, 223, 251, 290, 820, 843–44, 892
Trotsky as head of, 397
Tukhachevsky’s plan and, 91
Tukhachevsky trial and, 422–24
weaknesses of, 534, 563, 871, 893
Western border buildup of, 842–43, 871, 881–82, 894
Winter War casualties of, 748–49
see also military, Soviet; Soviet Far Eastern Army
Red Army, Chinese, 458
Redens, Stanisław, 79, 102, 108, 140, 272–73, 742
Red Guards, 704
Red International of Labor Unions, 335
Reichstag fire, 120, 142–43
Reichswehr, 21, 93, 119, 174
see also Wehrmacht
Reizen, Mark, 595, 853
religion, Stalin’s loathing for, 3, 87
Repin, Ilya, 246–47, 465
Respondek, Erwin, 854–55
Return from the U.S.S.R. (Gide), 416
Revolution Betrayed, The (Trotsky), 328, 335, 787
Reznikov, Boris, 57–58
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 255, 355, 569, 584, 613, 628, 629, 632–33, 636, 639, 640, 650, 673, 676, 677, 731, 752, 805, 838, 842
as Anglophobe, 643
on Axis pact, 793
and evacuation of German embassy in Moscow, 879
and German invasion of USSR, 858, 859
German-Soviet Pact favored by, 642–43, 647, 651, 654
in German-Soviet Pact negotiations, 659, 660–61, 662–65
and Hitler-Stalin Pact, 678, 679, 680, 685–86
Molotov invited to Berlin by, 794, 797, 798–99, 803
and Molotov’s Berlin visit, 806, 808–9
and revision of German-Soviet Pact, 693–94, 695
Soviet inclusion in Axis pact proposed by, 797, 799, 808–9, 817–18, 820, 835
Stalin’s meeting with, 664
Riefenstahl, Leni, 266
Riga, Treaty of (1920), 689
rightists, right deviation, 22, 24, 39, 52, 57, 64, 79, 103, 156, 387, 389, 394, 413, 420, 429, 430, 478, 515
accused of plotting coup, 253, 254
in Communist Party, 14, 28–29, 43–44, 46, 50, 54, 61
mass arrests and torture of, 391
and supposed Trotskyite conspiracies, 253, 254, 309, 331, 357, 476, 480
“Rise and Development of Bolshevik Organization in the South Caucasus, The” (Beria), 260
Rivera, Diego, 368
Rodos, Boris, 548–49
Röhm, Ernst, 175
Rokossowski, Konstanty, 759–60
Rolland, Romain, 295
Stalin’s meeting with, 256–57
Romania, 17, 62, 89, 92, 93, 168, 485, 557, 563, 687, 694, 791, 802, 889
Antonescu coup in, 788
in Axis pact, 812, 829, 847
Bessarabia in, see Bessarabia
Chamberlain’s guarantee of independence of, 616
German alliance with, 774
German occupation of, 796, 797, 798, 808
German troops in, 820
interwar dictatorship of, 430
mobilization of, 894
oil fields in, 774, 786, 796, 817
in plans for Soviet invasion, 876, 877
Polish alliance with, 158
as pro-German, 596, 613
proposed Triple Alliance as concern to, 622
Soviet relations with, 613
Stalin’s fear of invasion by, 50, 54, 84, 239
standing army of, 112
territory ceded by, 787–88
USSR recognized by, 173
war preparations in, 735
Wehrmacht in, 828, 837, 853
Rome, Soviet spies in, 241
Romm, Mikhail, 467, 617, 853
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 146, 263, 630, 778, 833, 834, 882
and Congress’s blocking of Soviet loans, 167
Lend-Lease agreement and, 843
Nazi attacks on Jews criticized by, 598
Soviet rapprochement sought by, 144–45
Rosenberg, Alfred, 158, 168, 673, 883
Rosenberg, Marcel, 334, 347, 380–81
Rosenholz, Arkady (Rozengolts), 56, 259
Rostov, 499
Rostov Agricultural Engineering Works, 41
Royal Air Force, 591, 794
losses of, 780
Royal Navy, 591, 653, 783
Rozenfeld, Nina, 228, 232, 253
Rudzutaks, Jānis, 49, 113, 116, 419
Ruslan and Lyudmila (Glinka), 404
Russia, tsarist:
famine of 1891–92 in, 127
grain exports by, 127
pogroms in, 267
Stalin’s selective embrace of culture of, 282
Stalin’s views on, 73–74, 468
weak central government of, 297
in World War I, xv
Russian All-Military Union, 322, 437
Russian Association of Proletarian Writers, 132, 151
Russian civil war, 594, 627, 703, 718, 726, 754–55
Russian language, teaching of, 467
Russians, ethnic, as first among equals in USSR, 281–82
Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, 447
Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 113, 138, 354
criminal code of, 176
Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 70, 261
Rustaveli, Shota, 511, 516–17
Rustaveli Theater, 511–12
Rybachy Peninsula, 711, 714, 725
Rykov, Alexei, 12, 15–16, 20, 22, 26, 29, 45, 162, 331, 344, 389, 430, 437, 515
accusation of treason against, 386, 387, 476
arrest of, 443
dismissed as head of government, 65
expelled from politburo, 65, 68
at February 1937 Central Committee plenum, 387
interrogations of, 336, 387
press slander of, 359
proposed replacement of, 53–54, 55, 64
Stalin’s enmity toward, 53–54, 59, 68
trial of, 478
Ryskulov, Turar, 122, 387
Ryutin, Martemyan, 70, 192, 464
arrest of, 105
in call for Stalin’s removal, 212
execution of, 477
prison sentence of, 107
Stalin dictatorship attacked by, 103–5, 107, 303, 308, 477–78
SA (Sturmabteilung; Brownshirts), 119, 174
Saakadze, Giorgi, 795–96
Sakhalin, 805, 811, 813, 851
Salazar, António de Oliveira, 315–16
Samarkand, 138
Samokhin, Alexander, 831, 842
Sanjurjo, José, 315–16
San River, 684, 686, 693
Sats, Natalya, 292, 412, 445
Schacht, Hjalmar, 246, 257, 259, 271–72, 275, 279, 291, 366, 373, 402
Scheliha, Rudolf von (“Aryan”), 220, 646, 651, 659, 699, 700, 735, 810, 828–29, 836, 837, 840, 842, 848, 880, 883
Schnurre, Karl, 631, 633, 654, 660, 830, 869
Scholl, Erwin, 875–76
Schulenburg, Werner von der, 251, 272, 347, 481, 609, 637, 639, 640, 647, 664, 681, 695, 717, 720, 724, 731, 752, 763, 790, 794, 799, 848
in attempts to avoid German-Soviet war, 794, 858, 864, 865, 866, 868–69, 872, 880, 897–98