World War I army service of, xiii
zero-sum geopolitics of, 904
Hitler Rearms (Woodman), 681
Hitler-Stalin Pact, xii, xv, 631, 646, 699, 702, 708, 774, 775, 793, 880, 889, 903
Baltic states as issue in, 651, 652, 654, 659
British and French reaction to, 673–74, 676, 730
division of Poland in, 664, 679, 680
German violations of, 787–88, 790, 792, 799, 808
hard-line Nazis’ dismay at, 673
Japan and, 670
Lithuania and, 692–93
negotiations leading to, 650, 651, 654, 655, 657, 659–60, 662–65
new Soviet demands for, 799–800
revision of, 692–94, 695–96
Ribbentrop and, 678
seen as betrayal of Communist ideals, 670–72
signing of, 665–66
Soviet war planning and, 829
spheres-of-influence protocol of, 664, 666, 684, 685, 773, 806, 808, 831
Stalin on, 671, 768
Hoffmann, Heinrich, 584, 673
Hohenzollern dynasty, xv
Homage to Catalonia (Orwell), 410–11
Hoover, Herbert, 61, 79
Horthy, Miklós, 889
House of Commons, British, 28, 582, 614, 679
housing, scarcity of, 405
Howard, Roy, 287–88, 298, 621
“How Could This Happen?” (Trotsky), 13
How It All Began (Bukharin), 478
“How to Organize Competition?” (Lenin), 18
Hungarian Soviet Republic, 545
Hungary, 17, 557, 787, 791, 889
in Axis pact, 811–12, 829, 847
Czech territory seized by, 609
mobilization of, 894
I Am the Son of the Working People (Katayev), 770
Ilf, Ilya, 285, 404
Ilyushin, Sergei, 853
In an Old Urals Factory (Yoganson), 607
Indochina, 794
Industrial Academy, 25, 26, 109, 110
industrialization, Soviet, 16, 41, 53, 87, 131–32, 308, 821
accidents and waste in, 73
armament production in, 20–21, 84–85, 727, 760, 820
capital investment in, 257–58, 273
collectivization and, 10–11
first Five-Year Plan and, 17, 20–21, 28, 48
grain exports and, 43, 49–50, 68, 94, 131
growth of work force and, 72, 73, 85
importing of Western skills and technology in, 32, 45, 71–72, 297
mass arrests and, 445, 551, 603
1934 boom in, 155, 168–69
overoptimistic goals for, 70–71, 606–7
poor quality and underproduction in, 48, 513–14, 606
poor working conditions in, 60
productivity in, 445, 551, 781, 782
shortage of consumer goods in, 781
Soviet great-power status as dependent on, 238
success of, 305
wreckers in, see wreckers, wrecking
“Industrial Party,” 54, 56, 60, 77
Industry of Socialism (art exhibition), 607
intelligentsia, Soviet, 464, 481, 570, 571, 604–5
education of, 573–74
see also cadres
International Brigades, 338, 350, 399, 406, 460
International Congress of Writers for the Defense of Culture, 255–56
In the Steppes of Ukraine (Korniychuk), 896
Ionescu, Gheorghe Ştefan, 555
Iran, 17, 872
Iraq, 872
Irkutsk, 461
Italy:
Abyssinia invaded by, 269, 287, 292, 318
Albania and, 665
in Anti-Comintern Pact, 557
British relations with, 374
France invaded by, 767–68
German “Pact of Steel” with, 632–34, 639
German relations with, 292
Greece invaded by, 798, 812, 847, 849
Munich Pact and, 565–66
Soviet spies in, 241
Spanish civil war intervention of, 318, 323, 328–29, 330, 339, 350, 406, 407, 431, 556, 582
in Tripartite Pact, see Axis Pact
Ivan IV, “the Terrible,” tsar of Russia, 246, 282, 466
Ivanovo, 95, 444
Ivan the Terrible Killing His Son (Repin), 465
Ivan Vasilevich (Bulgakov), 284–85
Japan:
in Anti-Comintern Pact, 355–57, 539, 557, 581–82, 667, 677
in border clashes with Soviets, 456–57, 535–40, 547, 557, 562, 597, 644, 650, 667–70, 677, 683, 726, 755, 902
British relations with, 653
China war of, 321, 330, 359, 364, 457–59, 460, 530, 533, 536, 539, 557, 597, 667, 677, 743–44, 793, 805
as common enemy of Britain and USSR, 168
expansionism of, 88, 129, 145, 168, 239, 277, 298–99, 581, 675
German relations with, 650
Germany’s sharing of intelligence with, 485
limited resources of, 833
Manchuria occupied by, 83–84, 88; see also Manchukuo
Poland’s offers of cooperation with, 93, 597
as possible German ally in attack on USSR, 534
proposed Chinese alliance with, 233
and proposed German military pact, 539, 632, 633–34, 639–40, 646, 653
in search for allies, 196
Soviet accusations of espionage by, 487
Soviet Far East seizure as goal of, 90, 92, 501
in Soviet neutrality pact, 852
Soviet offers of nonaggression pact rebuffed by, 90, 114
Soviet relations with, 83, 239–40, 243, 650, 665, 793–94, 796–97, 811, 851–52
Soviet war seen as inevitable by, 89–90, 91, 92, 98, 125, 597
Stalin’s avoidance of provocations of, 530
Stalin’s expectation of war with, 125, 143, 287, 456, 536
Stalin’s military buildup provoked by, 91
in Tripartite Pact, see Axis pact
Japan, Sea of, 702
Japanese Army:
failed putsch in, 287
Munich Pact and, 574
troop strength of, 112
see also Kwantung Army, Japanese
Japanese intelligence, 597
anti-Soviet operations of, 526–27
German attack on USSR discounted by, 882
Germany’s sharing of intelligence with, 485, 533
Lyushkov defection and, 532, 533–34
Red Army underestimated by, 668
Stalin’s antispy campaign as windfall for, 527, 532–33
Japanese Korean Army, 531, 536
Javakhishvili, Mikheil, 512, 513, 517
Jelagin, Juri, 422, 472, 476, 593
Jews:
alleged international conspiracy of, 430, 589, 597
expelled from NKVD, 522
forced to wear Star of David, 736
Hitler’s desire for annihilation of, 835
Kristallnacht attacks on, 598
Polish, 687–88
Ukrainian pogroms against, 690
in Vienna, 560
see also anti-Semitism
Jodl, Alfred, 685, 784, 785, 791, 815, 824, 838, 900
Johnson Act (1934), 167
Jolly Fellows (film), 215–16, 217, 230, 273, 284, 293, 452
Jughashvili, Besarion “Beso,” 3, 154
Jughashvili, Galina, 523
Jughashvili, Yakov, 3, 108, 270, 272–73, 388, 523, 526, 860
attempted suicide of, 250
Jughashvili, Yevgeny, 523
July 11 (film), 690
justice system, Soviet, 176, 190
Kaganovich, Lazar:
appointed transport commissar, 225
as Central Committee secretary, 500
eulogy for Nadya delivered by, 112
famine and, 100, 122–23
at February 1937 plenum, 388, 394
grain procurements and, 180
“hidden enemies” campaign resisted by, 324, 325
as inner circle member, 180, 205, 215, 386, 393, 500, 526
as key to survival of Stalin dictatorship, 69
Kirov murder and, 205, 206
Molotov’s rivalry with, 66, 262
NKVD mass arrests sabotaged by, 500
Orjonikidze’s friendship with, 386, 500
party apparatus run by, 325, 518–19
and proposed replacement of Rykov, 55
regional party arrests and, 444
Stalin’s breaking of, 386, 709
Stalin’s correspondence with, 81, 82, 84, 98, 100, 102–3, 136, 140–41, 178, 180, 182, 184, 189, 263, 264, 266–67, 268–69, 313, 324, 332, 333, 338, 342
on Stalin’s darkening mind-set, 491
Stalin’s mealtime meetings with, 211, 225
Stalin’s relationship with, 237