8. Klein, “Archeology and the Evolution of Human Behavior,” and Henshilwood and Marean, “The Origin of Modern Human Behavior.”
9. F. Heider and M. Simmel, “An Experimental Study of Apparent Behavior,” American Journal of Psychology 57 (1944): 243–59.
10. Josep Call and Michael Tomasello, “Does the Chimpanzee Have a Theory of Mind? 30 Years Later,” Cell 12, no. 5 (2008): 187–92.
11. J. Perner and H. Wimmer, “ ‘John Thinks That Mary Thinks That … ’: Attribution of Second-Order Beliefs by 5- to 10-Year-Old Children,” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 39 (1985): 437–71, and Angeline S. Lillard and Lori Skibbe, “Theory of Mind: Conscious Attribution and Spontaneous Trait Inference,” in The New Unconscious, ed. Ran R. Hassin et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 277–78; see also Matthew D. Lieberman, “Social Neuroscience: A Review of Core Processes,” Annual Review of Psychology 58 (2007): 259–89.
12. Oliver Sacks, An Anthropologist on Mars (New York: Knopf, 1995), 272.
13. Robin I. M. Dunbar, “The Social Brain Hypothesis,” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 6, no. 5 (1998): 178–90.
14. Ibid.
15. R. A. Hill and R. I. M. Dunbar, “Social Network Size in Humans,” Human Nature 14, no. 1 (2003): 53–72, and Dunbar, “The Social Brain Hypothesis.”
16. Robin I. M. Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).
17. Stanley Milgram, “The Small World Problem,” Psychology Today 1, no. 1 (May 1967): 61–67, and Jeffrey Travers and Stanley Milgram, “An Experimental Study of the Small World Problem,” Sociometry 32, no. 4 (December 1969): 425–43.
18. Peter Sheridan Dodds et al., “An Experimental Study of Search in Global Networks,” Science 301 (August 8, 2003): 827–29.
19. James P. Curley and Eric B. Keveme, “Genes, Brains and Mammalian Social Bonds,” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20, no. 10 (October 2005).
20. Patricia Smith Churchland, “The Impact of Neuroscience on Philosophy,” Neuron 60 (November 6, 2008): 409–11, and Ralph Adolphs, “Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Social Behavior,” Nature Reviews 4 (March 2003): 165–78.
21. K. D. Broad et al., “Mother-Infant Bonding and the Evolution of Mammalian Social Relationships,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 361 (2006): 2199–214.
22. Thomas R. Insel and Larry J. Young, “The Neurobiology of Attachment,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2 (February 2001): 129–33.
23. Larry J. Young et al., “Anatomy and Neurochemistry of the Pair Bond,” Journal of Comparative Neurology 493 (2005): 51–57.
24. Churchland, “The Impact of Neuroscience on Philosophy.”
25. Zoe R. Donaldson and Larry J. Young, “Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and the Neurogenetics of Sociality,” Science 322 (November 7, 2008): 900–904.
26. Ibid.
27. Larry J. Young, “Love: Neuroscience Reveals All,” Nature 457 (January 8, 2009): 148; Paul J. Zak, “The Neurobiology of Trust,” Scientific American (June 2008): 88–95; Kathleen C. Light et al., “More Frequent Partner Hugs and Higher Oxytocin Levels are Linked to Lower Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Premenopausal Women,” Biological Psychiatry 69, no. 1 (April 2005): 5–21; and Karten M. Grewen et al., “Effect of Partner Support on Resting Oxytocin, Cortisol, Norepinephrine and Blood Pressure Before and After Warm Personal Contact,” Psychosomatic Medicine 67 (2005): 531–38.
28. Michael Kosfeld et al., “Oxytocin Increases Trust in Humans,” Nature 435 (June 2, 2005): 673–76; Paul J. Zak et al., “Oxytocin Is Associated with Human Trustworthiness,” Hormones and Behavior 48 (2005): 522–27; Angeliki Theodoridou, “Oxytocin and Social Perception: Oxytocin Increases Perceived Facial Trustworthiness and Attractiveness,” Hormones and Behavior 56, no. 1 (June 2009): 128–32; and Gregor Domes et al., “Oxytocin Improves ‘Mind-Reading’ in Humans,” Biological Psychiatry 61 (2007): 731–33.
29. Donaldson and Young, “Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and the Neurogenetics of Sociality.”
30. Hassin et al., eds., The New Unconscious, 3–4.
31. Ibid., and Timothy D. Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2002), 4.
32. Ellen Langer et al., “The Mindlessness of Ostensibly Thoughtful Action: The Role of ‘Placebic’ Information in Interpersonal Interaction,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36, no. 6 (1978): 635–42, and Robert P. Abelson, “Psychological Status of the Script Concept,” American Psychologist 36, no. 7 (July 1981): 715–29.
33. William James, The Principles of Psychology (New York: Henry Holt, 1890), 97–99.
34. C. S. Roy and C. S. Sherrington, “On the Regulation of the Blood-Supply of the Brain,” Journal of Physiology (London) 11 (1890): 85–108.
35. Tim Dalgleish, “The Emotional Brain,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5, no. 7 (2004): 582–89; see also Colin Camerer et al., “Neuroeconomics: How Neuroscience Can Inform Economics,” Journal of Economic Literature 43, no. 1 (March 2005): 9–64.
36. Lieberman, “Social Neuroscience.”
37. Ralph Adolphs, “Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Social Behavior,” Nature Reviews 4 (March 2003): 165–78.
38. Lieberman, “Social Neuroscience.”
39. Bryan Kolb and Ian Q. Whishaw, An Introduction to Brain and Behavior (New York: Worth, 2004), 410–11.
40. R. Glenn Northcutt and Jon H. Kaas, “The Emergence and Evolution of Mammalian Neocortex,” Trends in Neuroscience 18, no. 9 (1995): 373–79, and Jon H. Kaas, “Evolution of the Neocortex,” Current Biology 21, no. 16 (2006): R910–14.
41. Nikos K. Logothetis, “What We Can Do and What We Cannot Do with fMRI,” Nature 453 (June 12, 2008): 869–78. By the first research article employing fMRI, Logothetis meant the first employing fMRI that could be done without injections of contrast agents, which are impractical because they complicate the experimental procedure and inhibit the ability of researchers to recruit volunteers.
42. Lieberman, “Social Neuroscience.”
5. READING PEOPLE
1. See Edward T. Heyn, “Berlin’s Wonderful Horse,” New York Times, September 4, 1904; “ ‘Clever Hans’ Again,” New York Times, October 2, 1904; “A Horse—and the Wise Men,” New York Times, July 23, 1911; and “Can Horses Think? Learned Commission Says ‘Perhaps,’” New York Times, August 31, 1913.
2. B. Hare et al., “The Domestication of Social Cognition in Dogs,” Science 298 (November 22, 2002): 1634–36; Brian Hare and Michael Tomasello, “Human-like Social Skills in Dogs?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, no. 9 (2005): 440–44; and Á. Miklósi et al., “Comparative Social Cognition: What Can Dogs Teach Us?” Animal Behavior 67 (2004): 995–1004.